解题技巧
翻译
汉译英
步骤:
注意事项:
- 切忌逐字翻译
- 对应英文结构。如
- 有精准时间就不用完成时
英译汉
读题:
- 不要用中文的思路去读题,首先把要翻译的句子读完,划分好成分再开始翻译。
- 读题时,特殊句式如强调句,应该先回归正常语序,有强调等其他效果的在翻译时加入。
翻译:
- 被动->主动
- 从句->分句
- 有动词含义的名词->动词
- 一些看似复杂的结构如从句,翻译时只需要保持其在句子中成分不变,而无需对应原有的语法结构。
- 宾从how the universe functioned -> 宇宙运行原理
- 非限定性定从:「见“特殊语法.html”中“形式上的定从”相关部分」
- 要注意冠词是否显式翻译,如何显式翻译的问题「见“基础语法.html”中“冠词”相关部分」。
- 中文的动词虽然没有时态变化,但整个句子的表意要符合原文的时态。
- 插入成分放两边去(有的甚至可以独立成句),主谓宾要连贯。
- 汉语中形容词是可以作谓语的,不需要系词。
- 中文也可以省略并列句中的重复内容,避免冗长。
作文
总论
作文写作最核心的原则是按照题目要求来,提纲要求写什么就写什么,每一点提纲最好分开写;其次是只能抄题目个别词汇,但可以转写。
对于标题作如下说明。大作文、书信不写标题,除非题目里有titled/entitled;通知、告示、纪要必写标题。
标题大小写规则:首尾两单词首字母大写;其他实词(名动形副代)首字母大写,虚词首字母小写(也适用于书信称呼及专有名词);五个字母以上的介词首字母大写。
- 正式文体:议论文、公务书信、公务通知/告示、纪要。最好不用缩写、省略或口语表达。
- 半正式文体:私人书信、私人告示、便条。用小词写短句,使用一些缩写、省略、口语表达。
缩写:I'm, It's, They're
省略:
- Looking forward to your reply.
- I'm looking forward to your reply.
口语表达:
书写格式:
- 齐头式:段与段之间空一行,每段首行顶头写——美式,现代,商务
- 缩进式:段与段之间不空行,每段首行缩进四个字母——英式,传统
写作原则:
- 长短结合:短句10个词左右(总);长句20个词左右(分)。
- 正确并且尽量多的使用不同时态和语态。
- 大量使用从句。
- 句型>词组>词汇。
- 多用修辞。
书信
总论
写作原则:虚伪,换位思考,合情合理。
- 生硬:want/should/must/have to/had better
- 替换为:wish to/would like to/would/could/please
公务建议信、投诉信可以先肯定再否定。
称谓
写给机构使用这些称谓:
- Dear Sir or Madam,
- To Whom It May Concern,(致有关人士)
写给个人:Dear+人名,
写给集体类似于写给个人:
- Dear Friends,
- Dear Fellow Classmates,
首段
除私人书信外都应在首段作自我介绍。
- 工作人员:staff member
- 学生:freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate
- 校内职务:the president of the Students' Union
首段可以有背景交代,一般是提纲以外的背景信息。除了各个题材特有的背景交代(可以看作写作目的的一部分),有一些背景是比较常见和通用的。
欢迎:
- We are greatly honored to welcome you as a guest professor at our university.我们非常荣幸的欢迎您来我校做客座教授。
首段还应阐明写作目的。一般就是改写提纲。
道歉信:
- I am writing the letter for purpose of expressing my sincere apology to you.
建议信:
- I am writing the letter to give/propose/offer some/several useful/conducive/practical suggestions/proposals/recommendations to you.
推荐信:
在写作目的里直接把推荐的东西说明,如作为同位语。
- I am writing the letter to recommend my favorite movie/book/... to you.
邀请信:
先背景交代。
- I am very pleased/honored to inform you that ... is organizing a ... .
再写写作目的。
- You are cordially invited to participate in/be involved in/be present at/join in this significant event as special/honorable guests.我们诚挚邀请您作为特邀/尊敬的嘉宾参与这一重要活动。
第二段
- 第二段是文章主体。
- 一般来讲只需要改写、扩写剩下提纲即可,但若只有一点提纲也要写满一段。
- 第二段总体采用总分形式————一句主题句和几个分论点。
- 不同分论点用关联词标识。
- 分论点可以采用分总形式,简单进行小结。
关联词
首先
- in the first place
- to begin with
- to start with
- above all
- first of all
- first and foremost
逻辑词:「见“句法和修辞.html”中“逻辑词”相关部分」
支持论点
举例子。例如:
- for example
- to demonstrate
- to illustrate
邀请信
主题句:时间地点。
- First and foremost, the ceremony is to be held at the auditorium of our university from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. on December 23, 2017.
具体安排。
- In addition, you will be welcome to participate fully in all activities of the ceremony, including workshops, seminars, and recreational activities.此外,我们将欢迎您参与典礼的所有活动,包括讲习班、研讨会和娱乐活动。
期待参加。
- We look forward to seeing you at this ceremony and to having you as important members of this event.我们期待您参与本次典礼并作为活动的重要一员。
建议信
第二段主题句万能句型:
- It is my great pleasure/honor to offer/render you/propose several practical suggestions.我很荣幸能给你们提一些实用的建议。
推荐信
主题句。
- The primary reasons are as follows.
第三段
除了熟人以外只要合适都要感谢。
- My thanks for you to your generous help are beyond words.
- Words fail me when I wish to express my sincere gratitude to you.
- I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation to the kind assistance you render me.
期待回信,基本上万能。
- I look forward to hearing from you soon.
- I am looking forward to your favorable reply at you earliest convenience.
- Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.
其他小结。
祝福:
- We wish you enjoy your stay in our city.希望您享受待在本市的时光。
可以在本段重申写作目的。
邀请信:
- If you accept this invitation, please advise us of your time of arrival so that we can make necessary arrangements.
推荐信:
- I hope you will have the opportunity to visit one or both of these spots.我希望您将有机会参观其中一个或两个景点。
落款
客套:
- 万能:Yours sincerely/Sincerely yours
- 私人:Yours faithfully/Faithfully yours
- 公务:Yours truly/Truly yours
最后是签名。
私人书信
问候:
- I'm so glad to hear from you. How have you been these days?
通知/告示
- notice
- announcement
- poster海报
- bulletin公告
- advertisement
- 标题:第一行正中
- 日期:标题右下
- 正文:现在或将来时
- 落款:个人或单位
通知和告示格式基本一致,只是在内容上有不同。
通知一般指的是活动通知,而告示就泛指其他公告。
通知
第一段
五大要素搞定第一段:
- 目的:一方面是活动目的(背景),另一方面是写作目的。
- 机构
- 时间
- 地点
- 活动
校园话题:
- To improve international students' abilities and enrich extracirricular activities, the Students' Union of our university is organizing a school-wide singing contest to be held at the Students' Recreational Center on March 1, 2020.
第二段
主要是活动细节。有时可以结合邀请信的写法。
比赛:
- For the singing contest, candidates may choose from various kinds of songs, regardless of whether they are in Mandarin, or in a foreign language, popular or classic ones.
- Five prestigious professors from Central Conservatory of Music will be invited as honorable judges.
- The first six winners would be awarded by prizes.
第三段
第一句:报名时间地点。
- Those who are interested in taking part should sign up with their monitors before February 10, 2020.
第二句:重申目的。
- It will serve as a platform to demonstrate your outstanding singing talents.
- It will serve as a symbol of
- It will represent the image of
第三句:表示欢迎。
- Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.
告示
招募广告
第一段
写作目的,一般是改写提纲。
- In a bid to promote campus sports activities and improve students' physical condition, Professor Smith's research project is recruiting a university student as an assistant.
第二段
第一句:工作职责。
- The major duties of the post are to plan and organize weekly meetings, as well as collecting and analyzing data from surveys on sports activities.
第二句:基本要求。
- Basic requirements include familarity with the themes of the research project, good interpersonal communication abilities, proper manners and a sense of responsibility.基本要求是熟悉研究项目的主题,具备出色的人际沟通能力,举止得体和有责任感。
第三句:相关经验。
- Most Importantly, priority/preference will be given to those experienced in research projects or similar activities.
第三段
第一句:报名方式。
- If you are interested in participating, please submit a written application to our staff office or email us at researchproject@qq.com.
第二和第三句:截止日期+表示欢迎。可结合通知和邀请信相关部分。
- The deadline for application is January 3, 2023.
- Everyone is welcome to join us.
纪要
正文前
标题居中,分两行:
- Minutes of class meeting on
- "Contributing to Project Hope"
五大要素:
主题已经在标题写过了,还剩四个要素顶格写:
- Time: 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. on December 16, 2023
- Place: Room 102, the Student Recreation Center
- Present: All members of the class
- Presided by: Zhang Wei
下一行顶格写小标题:
正文
第一段
第一句背景交代:
- I am attaching the minutes of the last class meeting for your review.
第二句承上启下:
- The summary of the meeting on contributing to Project Hope is as follows.
第二段(会议概要)
以爱心话题为例。
三个分论点越来越详细、具体。
第一句分论点一:
- Firstly, moved by the noble cause of Project Hope and encouraged by what has been achieved so far, we agreed to contribute our part to the project by offering financial aid to a senior high school student in a remote area of Sichuan Province.
第二句分论点二:
- Secondly. we will seek out a girl whose family cannot afford her education.
第三句分论点三:
- Lastly, our plan is to pay for/cover her tuition on an annual basis until she graduates from high school.
- We would like to remit our donation directly to a bank account opened by her family in her local area.
第三段
- If you discover errors or omissions in the minutes, please inform me.
落款
行尾向左对齐:
- Submitted by: Li Ming
- Date: December 24, 2023
议论文
- 切题「题目读三遍,否则不动笔」重点是
- 表达思想清楚,文字通顺连贯,即「逻辑」
- 首段引出话题、补充说明、过渡句
- 中间经济、个人、社会
- 尾段结论、建议、展望
- 无语言错误
以上为基本要求
话题作文
又分为一般的话题作文、名人名言、观点对比。其中最基本的就是一般的话题作文,其余只是在引出话题和补充说明方面有所不同。
如
- 话题作文
- It is universially acknowledged that ... constitutes an indispensible part of our modern society and life.
- Recently,an increasing number of people come to join the heated discussion on ...
- 名人名言“有句老话”
- As an old saying goes,....Plain/Simple as the remark is,its profound meaning/implication turns out to be exceedingly far-reaching and thought-provoking.
- 观点对比
- The issue/topic 同从 has drawn considerable attention nowadays.Some believe that ..., whereas others argue that .... From my perspective, I prefer the former/latter view.
通用内容
- 过渡句
- A number of factors can account for this phenomenon/issue.
- My opinions go as follows.
- 建议句
- It is imperative for ... , say, ... , to ... . Only in this way can we lead to the harmony of the society.
- 中间举例
- It's the experience of our remote ancestors, whereas it is still correct in many circumstances even today.
模板补充
- The topic can be interpreted/considered from numerous aspects, among which I will name three extremely significant ones as follows.
- The case is best illustrated by the example of ... , which, to the best of my knowledge, is by no means an isolated instance, but one that can be seen everywhere.
- We have good reasons to expect more studies carried out concerning the topic.
其他议论文
其他类型的议论文已知的有图画作文、图表作文和材料作文。这三种类型二三段写作方法上大同小异,只有第一段有较大区别。
因此在此从两个维度总结议论文模板:不同类型作文的首段,以及不同话题作文的二三段。
也有可能有杂糅的情况,那么各取所需即可。给的材料(不管是图画、图表、材料还是杂糅)越多越好写,因为不需要写得太细节。
对于这些文体,一般分三段:
- 客观描述(一到三句描述,不要议论)
- 意义阐述(客观评论)
- 归纳总结(主观议论)
首段
图画作文
在写作首段之前要先读图。常用方法有以小见大,具体到抽象。
不跑题的关键在于抓住中文,例如:
图画作文的第一段是图画描述段,三句左右。先积累一些表达:
- 「见“常用表达.html”中“足球”相关部分」
- 「见“常用表达.html”中“局部与整体的关系”相关部分」
第一句:总体描述。人物/动物/事物+动作+环境(适用于动态的图画),或者人物+服装+表情(适用于静态的图画)。
时态方面,现在进行时描述图画更加生动。
- As is symbolically illustrated in the portrayal, there is a boiling hot pot containing various ingredients of disparate cultures.
- It is subtly revealed in the cartoon that two young people are on their painstaking journey up a mountain.
- In the portrayals above are two young people behaving completely differently in the face of difficulties.
- The portrayal above depicts a touching scene, in which a good many villagers are observing the Dragon Boat Festival beside a river on May 5th of the Chinese lunar calendar.
第二句:细节描述。描述图画细节遵循“会什么写什么”的原则,可以适当拓展和替换。
可以通过图画中现有的对比等关系或者界限分明的几个构图要素组织细节描写。
- [GEE2010-1]图画是“文化火锅”,可以拓展到它和传统中国火锅的区别。“文化火锅”中的食材不会写可以替换为上义词或意义相近的词,甚至是未出现但符合话题的词。
第三句:如果有文字说明(caption)要进行翻译。
有时文字说明是作为人物的话语出现,需要特殊处理。
- We are informed that the cultural "hot pot" is both delicious and nutritious.
- The caption informs us that the picture shows a typical gathering in an era of mobile phones.
- And below the pictures, there is a caption which says: "Habit".
- The caption reads/indicates, "...".
- An aged grandmother turns to her beloved spouse and says cheerfully, "It's really great! The Dragon Boat Racing in our village is getting increasingly lively!"
图表作文
和图画作文大同小异。客观描述,两到三句描述,不要议论。
图表:「见“常用表达.html”中“图表”相关部分」
局部和整体关系:「见“常用表达.html”中“局部与整体的关系”相关部分」
数量变化:「见“常用表达.html”中“数量变化”相关部分」
大约:「见“常用表达.html”中“大约”相关部分」
步骤:
- 识别对象,一般是在图例当中标明。对于表格图,把人、国家等实体当作研究对象
- 切勿面面俱到,抓主要对象:
- 不清楚的是无效数据
- 主要对象:中国相关,变化最大,最值
- 对于饼状图,几个最大且相差不多的是主要对象
- 描述图表:
- 动态图:说变化、趋势
- 静态图:比大小,尤其是最值
- 有年代以写作的时间为基准使用时态。二三段则认为现象仍然存在,用一般现在时。
- 如果对象不太多,第一段除了主要对象之外,次要对象也介绍一下。第二三段不再涉及次要对象
- 比例:「见“常用表达.html”中“局部与整体的关系”相关部分」
- 数值:figure/number
动态图
- The chart above demonstrates/illustrates/reveals/indicates/reflects that some changes have occurred/taken place in terms of the car market of China.
- According to the above bar chart, the percentages of graduates' whereabouts/choices in a certain university underwent an enormous change from 2013 to 2018.
- As can be seen from the bar chart above, the express delivery business in China has increased considerably between 2018 and 2020.
静态图
- The pie chart above clearly illustrates the percentages of the residents' spending in a certain city of China during the Spring Festival vacation.
- The pie chart above clearly reveals/reflects/... the results of a survey of ...(稍微改改动态图也可以用)
细节
- marked/sharp/considerable/noticeable明显
- by contrast/in contrast/on the contrary相反
- group/category组
- 十以下整数用英文
- 数据描述中高低(high/low)和大小(large/small)差不多
第二段
框架
以上是最标准的结构。但是没法举两个例子也可以只举一个。
两个观点可以通过对比论证来组织,也可以通过原因列举来组织。
最后可以有小结,也可以放到第三段。
主题句
图画:
- The aim of the cartoon is to reveal that traditional Chinese culture will not only survive, but, in fact, is destined to thrive and prosper.
图表:
原因列举是最常用的。
- From my perspective, the trend/tendency in the chart above can be traced back to/be ascribed to/be attributable to three major/main/primary/fundamental/contributing contributors/causes/reasons/factors.
- Several factors that account for the above-mentioned/aforementioned phenomena could be summarized as follows.
- 问答模式:Why is the express delivery business booming nowadays? Several factors may contribute to this phenomenon.
举例论证
Exemplification
举例论证一般用现在时或过去时,可以采取总分结构。
人生哲理:
[GEE2018-1]
- 总
- For one thing, the struggle with difficulties will lead you out of the impasse to a brilliant future.
- 分
For instance, in 1993, J.K. Rowling, unemployed and with clinical depression, had even planned to commit suicide in despair.
Fortunately, she did not give up, and it was under such circumstances that she began to create what later became the best-selling Harry Potter series.
- 总
- For another, difficulties also teach people to cherish their life.
- 分
- But for the hardships in her life, Helen Keller wouldn't have written the famous article Three Days to See.
对比论证
Compare and Contrast
先讲背景,再对两个相反的观点进行比较,突出自己的观点。
人生哲理:
[GEE2019-1]
- 背景
On account of the quickening pace of life, competition is becoming increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals.
The past few years witnessed a dramatic increase in the difficulty of examinations and employment.
- 作者观点
- We must maintain persistence and perseverance in the face of challenges so as to survive and succeed.
- 相反观点
- Suppose we are inclined to overestimate our rivals or problems and neglect our ability, we will become hesitant and doubtful of ourselves, unable to fulfill even a simple task.
社会热点相关图画无论是正面或负面图画都从正反两方面写。
原因列举
单纯列举原因也是一种很好的方法。
教育文化:
大量社会相关话题都是可以使用的,只需要替换关键词。
- 分论点一
- First and foremost, since China's opening-up to the outside world, many branches of traditional Chinese culture have emerged as burgeoning tourism industries.
- 分论点二
- In addition, the government has relied on the state-controlled media to promote appreciation of traditional culture among the Chinese people.
- 分论点三
- Last but not least, many people around the world now have the chance to learn about China's 5000-year-old culture, ensuring that its reach and influence extend well beyond China's own borders.
小结
概括、总结本段,可以不写,留到第三段。
第三段
总结段,有两种方式,即归纳总结或建议措施。最后加上万能的展望未来。
总结
人生哲理:
- In summary, difficulty is an unavoidable part of everyone's life, and the triumph over it will make you an unbeatable person.
- Generally speaking, forming good habits is essential to us in several ways, including helping us to excel in our studies, lead an active social life, and maintain optimal mental health.
教育文化:
With due consideration of these factors/Taking all these factors into account, we may predict that with the speedy development of our society,
the number of people acquiring knowledge extensively will keep growing in the forthcoming future.
In short, due to successful commercialization efforts, government's unwavering support and growing interest overseas, the future of China's traditional culture looks more brilliant and secure than ever before.
建议
社会热点:
- On the one hand, we can use them(指图画) to aid the youth to be more independent in life. On the other hand, parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems.
人生哲理:
It is my view that, first and foremost, we can use the drawing to aid juveniles in learning to cooperate successfully with each other.
Furthermore, whatever difficulties or situations we are confronted with, we can remind ourselves that those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work
are nearer to success.
展望
人生哲理:
通用写法:与成功挂钩
- Only by making constant efforts and never stop making progress can we show grace under pressure and turn our dreams into reality.
环境保护:
- It is high time that we enhanced people's awareness to rectify this by taking the environmental protection into consideration.是时候加强人们的意识,通过多加考虑环保因素来改变这一现状了。
通用:
- In conclusion, it is persistent work that is conducive to your grasping a considerable vocabulary.总而言之,只有长期学习才有助于你掌握大的词汇量。
也可以用上面总结部分预测趋势的方法。
听力做题流程
- 勾画关键词(动词和核心名词)——试音+direction+读问题(+试卷下发后)
- 预测问题(根据人称代词)&挖掘选项之间的联系(如同义词)
- 勾画听到的关键词
阅读
- 关键词翻译,五道题一起画。关键词的标准:
- 提供信息
- 帮助定位:大写、数字、核心名词(尤其是A of B/A and B/adj+n等结构)
- 重复即主旨
- 回文定位。定位原则:定位步骤:
- 定位句翻译
- 对比选项
- 选择答案
注意事项:
- 回文定位注意区分事实和观点
- 对于例证题,在前后文定位,一般在例子之前
- 主旨题定位句在首尾段且一般都在尾段
- 主旨题除了要求原文和选项的复现外,还要注意选项与原文含义是否相符以及能否概括全文
- 区分一般的关系和因果关系,如果有因果关系要搞清楚谁是因谁是果
- 看是否回答问题时应注意疑问词
- what/in what respect
- why/in what sense/for what reason
- how/in what way
- 选项与定位句常见这些关系(从上到下逐渐罕见)
- 同意替换(动词最多,副词最少)
- 逻辑推断
- 原文概括
- 原文再现
- 正反互换
- 选项与定位句匹配时适用“主同色否原则”
- 不仅要识别选项和原文的同意替换,还要识别原文内部的同意替换
段落排序
很多技巧选句填空、选主旨句也可以用,阅读理解许多技巧在这里也可以用。
总体上:
- 采取划分逻辑区块的方法,把前后衔接很好的段落先放在一起,最后把整个区块填入。
- 前一段不一定衔接后一段,要熟悉更高阶的行文逻辑。
- 总分结构、分总结构,这时候识别总起或总结段就很重要了。
- 人物生平的顺序行文。
- 事件发展的顺序行文。
- 每两个段落间衔接都要顺畅,中间段落可以用承上启下的思路选择。
细节技巧:
- 专有名词首次出现可能会有全称(缩写)的结构,经常会解释其含义。
- 对于每一段优先读首尾句,一是要抓住段落主旨,二是要找可以帮助衔接的词语(见下)。注意首尾句不一定在段首段尾,例如在段尾放一个例子。
- 首段首句不出现逻辑词、帮助衔接前文的词(见下)和举例。
- 识别段间的同义替换和同词复现。
- 再次出现的名词可能省略一些修饰,重点对应核心名词。
- 对应的时候不要过度推测作者意思,争取做到直来直往。
- 注意长句的改写。
段首提示前文的词:
- such、this提示上文出现过
- rather、比较级、equally与前文作比较
- 出现成对出现的逻辑词之一时找另一个「见“句法和修辞.html”中“逻辑词”相关部分」。
选词填空