特殊语法
形式上的定从
在逻辑上相当于状从或并列句。
eg.[NCE4.1]We can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Near East,where(because) people first learned to write (there).
造句：最近几年大批农民工（migrant workers from the countryside）涌入大城市，因为他们在那里可以找到不错的工作并且养活家人。
The past few years witnessed the great influx of migrant workers from the countryside to big cities,where they could secure decent jobs and support their families.
非谓语动词，动名词和独立主格结构
- 汉语为平行语，常见连动句，无轻重之别。
- 英语为层次语，突出中心动词，次要动词状语化。
状语化的结果：
- 主语统一：一般非谓语动词。
- 主语不统一：独立主格结构。
非谓语动词
- Trying to explain the situation, she said 'It's only me'.=She tried to explain the situation and said 'It's only me'.但前者更具侧重点。
- [NCE3.1]The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her.
固定搭配必须使用to do，但又想强调先后顺序，则使用to have done。
例如claim to have done表示该事件先于claim发生。
当然非谓语动词不仅可以作状语，也可以充当定语、补语、表语等多种成分。以下是几个例子。
不定式作表语
不定式作表语若前面出现了实义动词“do”，则常去掉“to”，例如：
- All I have to do is dream.
- The best thing you can do now is write her an apology.
补足语
补足语是一类补足主语或宾语意义的句子成分。虽然在语法上不属于主宾，但在逻辑上构成主宾。
不定式作主语补足语
sth be adj to do=to do sth be adj
主动表被动。但是并不普适。
The government not only has to do something, it must be seen to be doing something.政府不仅必须采取措施，而且必须让人们知道它在采取措施。
非谓语动词作宾补
过去分词作宾语补足语。
[NCE4.4]kept so many old newspapers locked away there
lock sth up/away把...锁好
不定式作宾语补足语。
I see you put the key in your pocket.我看见你把钥匙放进口袋里。
动名词
动名词和现在分词的区别在于分词不充当名词成分。基于这种区别，动名词也有其独特的用法。
动名词的时态和语态| 时态/语态 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|
| 一般时 | doing | being done |
| 完成时 | having done | having been done |
- 一般时不强调先后顺序，因而一般可通用。
- 完成时强调该动作先发生。
- After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr.Taylor went back to his shop.在盯着陈列看了几分钟后，泰勒先生回到了他的店铺。
- Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him. Dimitri羞愧于自己的鲁莽行为，为自己刚刚谴责Aleko向他道歉。
独立主格结构
(with)+n.+非谓语(doing/done/to do)
例如[NCE4.48]leave the Las Vegas mentality to those with money to fritter把拉斯维加斯式的心态留给那些有钱可供挥霍的人
下面两个句子又有着不同的侧重点。
- He/With him stopping running sweat streamed down his face.
- He stopped running (with) sweat streaming down his face.
定语从句省略
定语从句关系代词作主语后跟be动词，二者可一同省略。例如NCE4.1
- the first people who were similar to ...
- the first people similar to ...
(even) if引导让步状从
例如He is seldom, if ever, absent from work.他——即使有也很少——旷工。
虚拟语气
对现在虚拟：If S were/did ..., S would/should/could/might do ...
例如Were it not for your support, I would be in big trouble now.
在此例句中，除虚拟语气外，还出现了其倒装形式。
if it were not for ...表示”若没有...的话“，因此可以译为“若没有你的支持，想必我现在已经麻烦大了罢。”
此外，as if/as though可能需要用虚拟语气。
- Don't act as if you were the only pebble on the beach.不要表现得好像你是沙滩上唯一一块鹅卵石。
if only要是（虚拟语气同if）
- [NCE4.6]...if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.要是世界上主要的民族能彼此在足球或板球场上相遇，他们就不会想着在战场上相遇了。
辨析：only if只有...才
- 部分倒装Only if Peter goes will she go.
并列句省略
并列句中重复部分除动词搭配的介词（含动词不定式的to）外，只要不引起歧义均可省略。
- Paul likes poetry, and Peter (likes) fiction.
- Paul likes poetry, and I know that Peter likes fiction.
另外需注意，分号连接的常为并列句
the 比较级，the 比较级
主/从句中主语非代词且谓语为be动词时be动词可省略
如，The younger the child (is), the more (is) the child's need of sleep.前一个分句为从句，后一个为主句；由于主语太长主句出现完全到装
主从句语序还可以颠倒
如I play (the) better, the more I practice.
又如A compound is considered the more stable, the smaller its potential energy.
又如[NCE3.55]... the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
同位语
[n]和[adj]均可用作同位语
如[NCE4.3]Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable
invariably相当于always；这句话翻译为“无论住在哪情况都一样：肮脏、贫穷、极度不舒适”
状从省略
条件：主从句主语统一且状从谓语含be动词，即可省略状从主语和be动词
- [NCE4.4]..., except when (she was) blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin除非是被遮住双眼，她缺乏用皮肤感知事物的能力
- Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled金属受热膨胀，遇冷收缩
状语从句主语为虚主语it且谓语含be动词也可省略it be
We'll resolve the Taiwan issue with peaceful means when (it is) ever possible, with force when (it is) necessary任何时候只要条件允许我们会通过和平手段解决台湾问题，而必要时我们会使用武力
宾语从句省略
that省略
两个并列的宾从，第一个that可省略，第二个不可省（避免歧义）。
so引起倒装
so作[adv]置于句首引起句子部分倒装。
- So beautiful is the scenery that we all took out our cameras.
- 风景是如此美丽以至于我们都拿出了相机。
- so[adv]... (that) .../... as to do sth（表示程度）这样，如此。
- [NCE4.7]So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.
- 回声探测设备就这样诞生了，现在它们被广泛应用于船只。
- so[adv]（演示或描述事由）这样。
- 避免主语过长使全句失去平衡，同时使apparatus的定语与之紧挨，因此使用了全部倒装的形式。
- Times have changed and so have I.
- 时代变了，我也是。
- so[adv]也（不与动词的否定式连用；否定中使用neither/either）。
副词性形容词
这类形容词同时发挥了形容词和副词的作用，也被称为表语补足语或描写性表语补足语。它们同时修饰了动词和动词的主语，从而描述主语和主语执行动作的方式所共有的性质。
- The US open will be transmitted live via satellite.
- live[adj]现场直播的，实况转播的。
- 美国公开赛将通过卫星实况转播。
- 这个形容词同时修饰了the US open和be transmitted。
名词+介词+关系代词引导非限定性定语从句
- [NCE3.32]The most valuable find of all was the ship's log book, parts of which it was still possible to read.
- 最有价值的发现是这艘船的日志，因为其中一些片段仍然可读。
- 造句：演讲者提了四个问题，它们的答案被证明非常有启发性。
- The speaker posed four questions, the answers to which proved to be very illuminating.
the way构成名词短语作方式状语
这是一种语言习惯。可以作如下解释：
这份牛排是按我喜欢的方式作成的：
- The steak is cooked the way I like it.
- The steak is cooked in the way I like it.
- The steak is cooked as I like it.
书名
手写时使用下划线，印刷时使用斜体。
副词修饰名词短语
[GEE2013]a distinctly human need一种人类特有的需求
可以理解为distinctly这个副词修饰need这个名词所包含的动词含义。