书面用法

eg1.What is an intellectual? I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.

什么是知识分子？我会将其定义为这样一个个体：他选择将以苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题视为生活中首要的责任和乐趣。

eg2.As a logical consequence of this development,separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.

作为这种发展的一种必然的结果，现在已经出现了主要针对专业或业余读者的分开的刊物。

eg3.His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision

他和法官作用相似，都必须承担这样一种责任，即以尽可能清晰的方式揭示使得自己做出决定的推理过程

eg4.[NCE4.4]Several cases have been reported in Russian recently of people who ...俄罗斯最近报道了几个关于...的人的案例

eg5.[NCE4.46]The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.

在办公室或工厂中长时间的工作给他们带来了酬劳，这不仅是谋生的手段，而且还带来了寻找乐趣的强烈欲望，哪怕是最简单的、最低等的乐趣。

无灵主语/物称主语

[NCE3.1]When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.伦敦动物园收到报告说在伦敦以南45英里发现了野生美洲狮的时候，这些报告并未受到重视。
The past few years witnessed the great influx of foreigners to China, for travelling, studies or business.过去几年大量外国人为了旅游、学业「studies[pl.](formal)功课，课业，学业」和生意涌入中国。
A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for an outing at the beach.一个温暖晴朗的周日我们全家出动去沙滩远足。

句子改写
一般写法	使用无灵主语
He lost his confidence.	Confidence deserted him.
I couldn't sleep that night.	That night sleep eluded me.
We only travelled half the distance at sunset.	Sunset met us halfway.
I thought of a good idea.	A good idea came/flashed into my mind.
He went to the town on business.	Business took him to the town.

Panic seized me.我突然惊慌失措。: seize[T]sth (from sb)（常指通过暴力突然）夺取，攻占，控制
Curiosity swallowed him.他起了好奇心。: swallow[T]（常用被动）sb/sth (up)吞没，淹没，侵吞
evade: 「见“常用表达.html”中“避开”相关部分」

[NCE3.32]The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom.他们用结实的网把海床搜寻了一遍，当一只箱子从海底被打捞上来时甲板上的人们激动不已。

造句：现在世界上依然有部分地区人们还吃不饱肚子（cannot satisfy one's hunger）。

There are some parts of the world where even now people cannot satisfy their hunger.

实词的替换

名词作动词

同义连用

新闻英语写法

n->v
单词	动词含义	名词含义
shape	塑造	形状
thunder	擂	雷
veil	笼罩	面纱
whip	卷起	鞭子
duck	躲闪	鸭子

[NCE4.8]Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.布鲁塞尔的官员称，美国屠宰的鸡不适合用来装点欧洲的餐桌。

这个例子引用了布鲁塞尔官员的话，却未使用引号，称为自由直接引语，常见于新闻，对读者的直接影响更大。

此外，说的话（或一部分）前置，主语不是代词时可倒装，从而突出说话内容。

[NCE3.2]'You certainly did give me a surprise!' said the vicar. 'You've probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I'm glad the bell is working again.'

隐含意义

Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. --William Strunk, Jr.充满活力的写作是简练的。一个句子不应该有不需要的单词，一个段落不应该有不需要的句子，就像一幅画不应该有不需要的线条，一台机器不应该有不需要的部件。

避免多余的词
省略前	省略后	注解
with accumulating experience	with experience	随着经验积累
with passing time	with time	随着时间流逝
with changing seasons	with seasons	随着季节变化

the cause of justice正义事业
(the cause of) national reunification国家重新统一（的事业）
(the cause of) socialist construction社会主义建设（的事业）
accelerate (the speed of) economic reform加速经济改革（的速度）

队长知道不会只有他在努力。

The captain knew that his attempt would not be the only attempt/one.
The captain knew that his would not be the only attempt.

我们的时代是一个悲剧的时代。 ——莎士比亚

Our age is a tragic age/one.
Ours is a tragic age.