常用表达

叙述，讲述

recount/relate/report sth to sb
tell sb (about) sth
narrate: 记叙，强调按时间顺序——narrative记叙文
account: 其他搭配：account for占...比例；解释; 形近词：discount打折，如get a 20% discount表示八折优惠

传说

saga长篇英雄传说
epic史诗
legend传奇——legendary传说中的
myth[C]/mythology[U]神话

近义表达：

glorious[adj]光辉灿烂的，荣耀的，辉煌的
glory[n]光荣，荣誉

All the Chinese compatriots should take concerted efforts to create a glorious/rosy/brilliant/splendid/magnificent future of the Chinese nation.所有华夏同胞应当共同努力，开创中华民族的美好未来
glory days光辉岁月

腐烂

rot: vt/vi; 搭配：rot away烂掉; rotten（adj）eg.One rotten apple spoils the whole barrel.一颗老鼠屎毁了一锅粥。
decay: 同义词; 派生义：衰败eg.Each civilization is born,it culminates,and it decays.

类似于

be similar to
resemble(vt)
bear a resemblance to

消失得无影无踪

disappear/vanish without trace

调查

census[n]对数量的统计，普查
investigation[n](事故、案件)调查: The case is under investigation.; The investigation into the cause of the air crash is continuing.
inquest[n](死因)调查
survey/poll/opinion poll[n](民意)调查: ~ find/show/indicate/reveal......
inquiry/enquiry[n](各种)调查: sampling inquiry抽样调查

满意

content[adj]满足的，满意的(作表语)

be content/satisfied with
be content/satisfied to do

contented[adj]满意的(表语、定语均可)

be dissatisfied/discontented with

spare放过，省下

谚语Spare the rod and spoil the child.不打不成器。

杀死

destroy杀死: [NCE4.2]destroy so many insects
kill off使动植物大量死去
slaughter/massacre屠杀、屠宰
wipe out/exterminate使绝种

人类

human race人类（种族）
man[U]/human being[C]人类
mankind/humankind[U]人类
humanity[U]人类（人性）

例如a crime against humanity反人类罪

使能够

make it possible for sb to do
allow/permit sb to do
enable sb to do

[NCE4.10]enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks
allow/permit/make it possible for engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks

使如何

render sb/sth adj使某人/物如何=make

Solar power could become a viable energy source, rendering fossil fuels obsolete.太阳能成为一种切实可行的能源，使得化石燃料变得过时。

使变好

使完美，使完善，使完备

perfect
bring ... to perfection

The violinist spent years perfecting his technique/bringing his technique to perfection.小提琴手花了数年来使自己的技艺变得完美。

complement[T]补充，补足，使完美，使更具有吸引力

积累：The team needs players who complement each other.球队需要能够相互取长补短的队员。

单位词

集合

动物群

flock羊/鸟群
herd牛/象/鹿群
drove驱赶之中的动物群
pack猛兽群
pride专门表狮群
swarm飞虫
colony地上爬的虫
school/shoal鱼群

人群

群，队，组

party
group
band
team

[NCE3.8]The only regular visitors to the monastery in the winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter.修道院冬天唯一的常客是一队队滑雪者，他们在圣诞节和复活节来到这里。

drove[n]移动的人群

Tourists came in droves to see the Imperial Palace.一大群游客来参观故宫了。

补充：staffs[pl.]（按群数）职工

senators and their staffs参议员和他们各自的工作人员

其他

a gust of wind一阵风
a beam of light一束光
a ray of sunshine一缕阳光
a handful of nuts一把坚果
a bar of soap一块肥皂
a roll of toilet paper一卷厕纸
four slices of apple四片苹果
a barrel of wine一桶酒

好的

good
beneficial
contributing
effective
constructive

重视

think highly of
pay attention to
attach utmost importance/great significance to
put great emphasis on

认为

I think/deem that我认为
I cast my preference to the opinion that我更倾向于
I find我认为
I accept that我认可，我同意

[NCE4.5]I find young people exciting.我认为年轻人令人振奋。
[NCE4.5]I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.我认为我们是同等的人，如果我认为他错了我会以平等身份与他辩论。

归因于

owe A to B
put A down to B
attribute A to B
assign A to B
ascribe A to B
credit A to B

名词的两种替换方式

同义词
上义词（母集）

例如

上义替换
原词	替换
lorry	vehicle
ship	vessel
giant panda	endangered species
golf course/resort hotel(专门接待度假者的宾馆)	facility(设施)

例句：Giant pandas are considered a national treasure and the Chinese government are doing their best to protect the endangered species.大熊猫被视为一种国宝，而中国政府正在尽最大努力保护这个濒危物种。

下面这些上义词由于其表示类别的那种抽象性，一般为[U]。

上义替换
原词	替换
bags/suitcases/boxes	luggage
balls/bats/gloves/helmets	equipment
knives/forks/spoons	silverware（Am）餐具=cutlery
things we want to throw away	garbage
songs/rhythms/melodies（旋律；乐曲）	music

此外

moreover
besides
further/furthermore
what is more
in addition/additionally

区分

tell the difference,tell sb/sth apart分辨开
distinguish/differentiate/discriminate between A and B/ A from B分辨开

从事

be engaged in (doing) sth

[NCE4.2]How many spiders are engaged in this work on your behalf?多少蜘蛛为你从事这项工作？

为了

on one's behalf/on behalf of sb
in one's interest/in the interest of sb

例如The guardian signed the contract on behalf of the minor child.监护人为未成年孩子签下这份协议。

大约

something like
some
something/somewhere in the region of
much[adv]=nearly=about=approximately差不多
near[adj]（只作定语）（无比较级或最高级）接近的，差不多的

[NCE4.2]...that is something like/some/something in the region of 6000000 spiders of different kinds...
[NCE4.32]...and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective. ...甚至他与宗教法庭那著名的冲突，我们如今多少也能正确的看待。
The patient's situation is much the same.这位病人情况大致一样。
[NCE4.10]a near lock on the memory-chip market对内存芯片市场几乎完全的控制

造句: 因特网技术可以使你能够在家中购物，这与你在普通商店买东西差不多。; Internet technology enables you to make purchases at home, much the way you do in regular shops.

场所

pitch/field大型场地。a football/soccer ~
court中型运动场。a tennis/basketball/badminton ~
ring（拳击）台
rink（溜冰）场
baseball diamond/court棒球场
golf course/links高尔夫球场
bowling alley保龄球馆

胡乱的

wild
unreasonable
without careful thought
thoughtless（贬义）粗心大意的，欠考虑的=inconsiderate

a wild dream/imagination/speculation白日梦/胡思乱想/瞎猜
a thoughtless remark欠考虑的话

guess

guess what你猜怎么着

例如Guess what?John got engaged to Susan.你猜怎么着？约翰与苏珊订婚了。

又如Guess what?I just nominated you for this year's class treasurer.你猜怎么着？我刚推荐你为今年我们班的生活委员。

make a guess at也可以表示“猜”

有益的

be helpful for
be conducive to
be beneficial to

基础

lay a solid foundation for打下坚实基础

build on sth在...的基础上发展

This study builds on earlier work.这项研究是在以往工作的基础上进行的。

开阔眼界

widen one's horizon
broaden one's vision

造句:Regulars of bookstores are always telling you that reading is able to widen your horizon.书店的常客总是喋喋不休地告诉你读书能够开阔你的视野。

某种程度上

in some sense I think he may be right in some sense.
in some measure The true value of a human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which he has attained liberation from the self.一个人真正的价值主要是由他从他自身那里获得了何种程度的解放决定的。
to some extent To some extent, they are a gang of robbers, who should be responsible for their guilt.某种程度上，他们是一伙强盗，应当对他们的罪行负责
partly [NCE4.48]These are partly a matter of personal circumstances, partly a matter of psychology这某种程度上是个人境遇的问题，某种程度上又是心理学的问题
in part [NCE3.35]When we use a phrase like it serves him right, we are, in part, admitting that a certain set of circumstances has enabled justice to act of its own accord当我们使用像“他罪有应得”这样的短语时，我们某种程度上是在承认一系列特定情形使得正义能够主动（of one's own accord）发挥作用
to some degree [NCE4.34]Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable无论父母作为家长抑或是个体做的多好多足够，子女对父母的幻想破灭，某种程度上都是不可避免的

探索

pioneer[n]先驱，探索者；[T]开拓，探索，倡导

Young Pioneers少先队员
It pioneered the use of a graphical interface.它开创了图形界面的使用。

pioneering开拓性的

break the ground做开创性的工作->ground-breaking[复合形容词]开创性的
lead the way开拓，探索

predecessor前辈

顶峰

summit[n]山顶，顶点，峰会: hold a summit举行峰会
summit/peak巅峰: 如the summit/peak of his career他事业的巅峰
crest山峰，波峰，巅峰
pinnacle(建筑)尖顶，巅峰
apex顶点，巅峰
zenith穹顶，巅峰

传递

hand sth down (from ... to ...):pass sth from older people to younger ones

亲属

亲戚

distant relative远亲
close/near relative近亲
kin[pl.](fml)（老派的）（统称）家属，亲属，亲戚

平辈

sibling[n](fml)（术语）兄，弟，姐，妹

积累：sibling rivalry兄弟姐妹间的竞争

祖先

ancestor
forefather
forebear

remote ancestor

子孙

descendant后代
offspring子代（单复同型）
posterity[U]子孙

飞禽走兽相关表达

skin皮
hide兽皮
fur毛皮
feather羽毛

危险

perilous非常危险的: peril极大的危险；in peril处在危险之中
hazardous有风险的: hazard风险；be/present/pose/constitute a hazard to对...构成隐患; be/present/pose/constitute a threat/menance to对...构成威胁

颤抖

shudder[v]颤抖，不寒而栗

tremble/shiver/quiver（人或物）颤抖

例如，He trembled with anger/fear/excitement.他气/怕/兴奋得直颤抖。

贫穷

impoverish[v]使贫困-impoverished[adj]贫困的
deplete使渐渐枯竭
destitute贫困的
这些可修饰人或地区“贫困的”
- deprived
- disadvantaged
- underpriviledged
underdeveloped只能修饰地区“贫困的”

对...来说必不可少

be indispensable to sb/sth

综合素质

conprehensive quality

拥有

boast

人作主语：炫耀。boast of/about sth炫耀；boast that夸口说
物作主语：[T]拥有（好的东西）

如，China and Frence boast sound bilateral relations.中国和法国有着良好的双边关系。

此外还有

enjoy享有
be blessed with后天获得（好东西）
be endowed with天生就有（好东西）
cherish[T](fml)有（感情）

He cherish the memory of his late wife.他和他故去的妻子有美好的回忆。
[NCE3.3]..., for it enjoyed a high level of civilization因为它曾拥有高等的文明
[NCE4.23]Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with steel-like muscles鸭子以及与其类似的鸽子具备钢铁般的肌肉

be free from没有（不好的东西）

alpinist

登山者

当代的

modern
modern-day/present-day当代的
today's/of today当今的
contemporary当代的

sport[un]fun,amusement

例如

Swimming in the sea will give you good(很多) sport.在海里游泳可以给你带来很多乐趣。
He tormented the cat only for sport/fun.他折磨这只猫仅仅为了娱乐。

实情

This is not the case at all.这根本不是实情
This is not always the case.这不总是实情
This is indeed the case.这的确是实情
This is not necessarily the case.这不一定是实情
This might not be the case.这可能不是实情

感

the sense of pride/honor/accomplishment

seek

[I/T](for) sth/sb寻找
[T]寻求

seek refuge/asylum寻求避难
seek employment
seek independence
The incumbent president will not seek reelection.现任总统不会寻求连任。

诚然

It is true that/Admittedly/Granted ... but/yet ...

造句：中国确实是一个发展中国家，但她却充满了潜力。

It is true that China is still a developing country, but she is full of promise/potential/potentialities.

转折后常用表达有：

that is not to say that
it does not necessarily mean that
we cannot ensure/guarantee that
there is no guarantee that

面对

face/confront [vt] 面对

“面对”这个动作是相互的，因此两个单词主动形式也等价于be faced/confronted with

[NCE4.9]So, (when Alfred was) faced with the Danish advance, ... .因此，当阿尔弗雷德面对丹麦人的进攻时，...。

equip

be equipped with配备有

be equipped in a manner which [NCE4.3] 以一种...的方式装备好

特意（做某事）

go out of one's way (to do ...)

往往

tend to do
have a tendency to do
generally/in general
mostly/in most cases
on the whole/by and large
for the most part/most of the time

与...相隔绝

be cut off from
be out of touch with
be isolated from
be separated from

accompany

陪伴

be accompanied by伴有

这个单词的主被动和face/confront类似

wash sth down with sth（吃东西时）用液体送下去

衣食住行

Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are basic necessities of daily life.

四个词都不可数

change

作名词[C/U]~ (in/to sth)改变

a change in the weather天气的变化

[NCE4.3]the change to the Alps变换一下生活环境来到阿尔卑斯山区

习惯于

be accustomed to sth/doing
be used to sth/doing
be in the habit of sth/doing

缺乏

there is a shortage of缺乏

there is no shortage of = there is/are plenty of有的是（双重否定加强语气）

声誉好的，值得信赖的[adj]

reputable/reliable

reputable dealer值得信赖的商人

反义词disreputable[adj]名声差的，品行不端的

基础知识，基本原则，基本原理

basics
fundamentals(常加the)
rudiments
first principles

习惯用复数

This range of books for young children covers basics like alphabet and numbers这一系列给年轻孩子的书包括了像字母表和数字这种基础知识
master the rudiments of economies精通经济学基本原理
Discussing all these details will get us nowhere;we must get back to first principles讨论所有这些细节只会让我们毫无进展；我们必须回到基本原则
[NCE4.5]Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like their elders让我们认真研究基本原则并同意一点：年轻人终究还是人——就像他们的长辈那样的人

替换：形容词“根本的”：

fundamental
basic
essential
sweeping（常作定语）影响广泛的，根本性的

the fundamental difference根本性的差异
the fundamental cause of the problem问题的根本原因
sweeping reforms/changes全面改革/彻底变化

近义词：固定搭配golden rule重要的原则，金科玉律

[NCE4.48]The golden rule here is spread your risk这里动词不定式省略了to，是不规范用法；spread[v]分散（风险）。译为“最重要的是要分散风险”
The golden rule in playing tennis is to watch the ball closely打网球最重要的就是盯紧球

设立自己的目标

establish one's own aims

One should establish his own aims in early years if he means to make achievements in his life.一个人如果打算一生中有所建树就应当早年就设立自己的目标

...的事/问题

a/the matter/question of

[NCE4.19]... it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving body a rest仿佛睡眠不是简单的身体的休息
[NCE4.33]Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means未开发地区的教育不是钱的问题
[NCE4.6]..., but as soon as the question of prestige arises, ...但一旦涉及声望问题
[NCE3.46]It is a question of pride as much as anything else.这是和其他事情一样重要的面子问题。
She is so talented and diligent that her success is only a question of time.她太有天赋也太勤奋了，以至于其成功只是时间问题。
a matter of personal taste/preference一个个人偏好的问题
a matter of interest一个备受关心的问题
a matter of life and death一个关乎生死的问题
a matter of principle一个原则性的问题

近义表达：That's where ...这就是...所在

[NCE4.5]...that is where the rub is.这就是困境所在。
That's where you and I differ.这就是你我的不同之处。

（不）可能

may/might/could well（某事）可能（是真的）

[NCE3.59]Over the years, one may well become an authority on one's hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences.过了这么多年，一个人可能成为其爱好的权威并很可能会被要求在小型集会上作非正式的报告，而如果成功的话就将面对更广的听众。

be hard-pressed to do sth不大可能

Owing to shortage of staff, the emergency services were hard-pressed to deal with the accident.由于缺少职员，应急服务系统不大可能处理这次事故了。

想要

wish to do sth(fml)=want to do sth=like to do sth

[NCE4.48]... and you may well wish to boost your pension income而你可能想要提高你的退休金收入

这里boost [T]增加，提高，促进

The new resort area has boosted tourism这个新的度假胜地游客越来越多

优先

priority [C]优先的事物

be one's main/top/high/immediate/first priority某人最优先要做的事

[NCE4.48]So preserving your capital and generating extra income are your main priority因此你的首要任务就是保护你的资金并产生额外的收入

状况

position [n]地位，状况，处境

in a/an delicate/dominating/favorable/adverse position处在微妙/统治/有利/不利地位

表语：She's in the enviable position of being able to choose who she works with她处在可以挑选一起工作的人这样一种令人羡慕的地位
状语：When two of your friends argue it puts you in a very awkward position当你的两个朋友争论时，你就被置于一个非常尴尬的处境

方式

approach [n]方式，方法，手段

take/adopt a ... approach采取方法

[NCE4.48]you may decide to take an aggressive approach你可能决定采取积极进取的方式

乐观的

sanguine/optimistic[adj](about sth)
rosy/hopeful[adj]美好的，乐观的

The future is looking very rosy for our company.我们公司的前景一片光明。
She was her usual sanguine self.她曾是那个惯常而乐观的她。
Josh was less sanguine about the situation in the eastern region of the country.Josh对这个国家东部地区的局势没那么乐观。
Bankers are cautiously optimistic about the country's economic future.银行家对这个国家的经济前景持谨慎乐观的态度。

optimism[U]乐观，乐观主义
optimist[n]乐天派

反义词

pessimistic
be pessimistic about
pessimism
pessimist

He remains deeply pessimistic about the peace process.

性格

disposition [C, usually sing.]性情，性格

to have a cheerful disposition性格快乐
people of a nervous disposition焦虑性格的人

indisposition [n] fml 小病，小恙

考虑之后选择

decide on/upon

Have you decided on a date for the wedding你有考虑后选择结婚日期吗

将自己当作或称为某种人

set oneself up as sb固定搭配

He likes to set himself up as an intellectual他喜欢将自己当作知识分子
politicians who set themselves up as moral authorities自称为有道德的当权者的政客

受制于...的人

a hostage to sth

With the reduction in foreign investments, the government will be even more a hostage to the whims of the international oil price随着外国投资的减少，政府将会越来越受制于国际油价的波动

委员会

commission[n]专门指用于调查的委员会

如National Development and Reform Commission国家发改委

committee[n]（行使权力）委员会

the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress全国人民代表大会常务委员会

council理事会，委员会

the State Council国务院
the United Nations Security Council联合国安理会

...透明的

opaque[adj]不透明的

God's reason, if he has any, are opaque to us神的理由——如果祂有的话——对我们来说也是难以理解的

transparent[adj]透明的
translucent[adj]半透明的

费力地觉察

detect/perceive/discern[v]

He is too young to be able to discern between right and wrong他太年轻了以至于无法分辨对错
I detected a hint of irony in her words我在她的言谈间察觉到了讽刺的味道

make out困难地听到或看到某人/某物

I could just make out a figure in the darkness我只能很困难地在黑暗中看到一个人影
I couldn't make out what he was saying我无法听清他在说什么

关于

concern/be concerned with与face/confront类似

a book concerning music
a book concerned with music

视力

have normal vision视力正常
have good/perfect/20-20 vision
have bad/poor/defective vision

near-sighted/short-sighted近视
far-sighted/long-sighted远视

其他相关词汇

ophthalmologist眼科医生
optometrist/optician验光师

偶然

happen to do/chance to do偶然发生
it happens that/it chances that偶然
as it happens[习语]偶然（有时态变化）
as luck would have it[固定搭配]碰巧
by accident碰巧
by chance碰巧
accidentally碰巧

下面这些句子意思一样。

I happened/chanced to meet an old friend in town（在镇上）.
It happened/chanced that I met an old friend in town.
As it happened, I met an old friend in town.
I met an old friend in town by accident/by chance/accidentally.
As luck would have it, I met an old friend in town.

[NCE4.8]As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans.

[adj]偶然的

chance=unplanned（只作定语）: a chance meeting/encounter邂逅

固定好

do ... up=fasten

常可以以基本含义为基础灵活翻译

He stopped to do up his shoe lace他停下来系好鞋带
All the packages are done up and ready for the post所有包裹都打包好并准备好邮寄了

引起注意

be brought to (sb's) (the) notice/attention (of sb)
come to (sb's) (the) notice/attention (of sb)

近义词，come to light/be brought to light“被了解”

Their working conditions were only(only+时间状语表“直到”) brought to public notice/attention last year他们的工作环境直到去年才进入公众视野
[NCE3.32]From this the captain was able to piece together all the information that had come to light从这开始船长才得以拼凑起了解到的所有信息

一系列

a series/train/chain/string/stream/succession/progression of

a series of rainy days一连串的雨天

部门

the Ministry/Department of Health/Education/Commerce/Finance卫生/教育/商务/财政部

更...的是

stranger/better/worse/harder still

The medical expenses are a massive drain. Worse still, Greg may lose his job医疗费用是一个巨大的耗费。更糟的是，Greg可能会失去工作

to make things/matters worse[习语]更糟的是

更不用说

let alone用于否定句中，前后词性相同（作为连词）
not to mention用于肯定句，后接名词（作为非谓语动词）

I don't suspect him of theft, let alone of robbery我没怀疑他会去偷窃，更别说去抢劫了
The dampness is unpleasant, not to mention the cold潮湿已经很让人不适了，更别提寒冷了

写作积累

In short, without better evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the chairperson cannot rely on it to draw any firm conclusion about the overall recycling commitment of West Egg residents--let alone about how quickly the landfill will reach capacity简单来说，在没有更好的证据证明这个调查在统计学上可靠的情况下，主席不能依赖于它得出任何确切的、关于West Egg地区居民总的再循环投入——更不用说关于填埋场多快会达到容积上限——的结论
Moreover, the author has not shown any correlation, let alone a cause-and-effect relationship, between the number of hours a person spends watching television and that industry's profits而且，作者没有说明一个人看电视的小时数和该行业利润的任何关联，更别提因果关系了
In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for the strong sales the vice president cannot convince me that Plainsville residents are exercising regularly, let alone that they would be interested in buying the sorts of food and other products that NW sells简单来说，在销售额坚挺的其他可能原因未被排除的情况下副主席无法让我相信Plainsville的居民经常锻炼，更不用提他们会有兴趣购买NW会销售的那些食物和其他产品

停止

cease to do/cease doing停止做某事
stop to do停下来去做某事
stop doing停止做某事

There are instances when patriotism ceases to be an empty slogan在这几个例子中爱国主义不再是空洞的口号
Stop to smell the flowers停下来去闻花朵
Please stop smoking. Smoke really bothers me请停止吸烟。烟雾真的很让我困扰

湿的

wet潮湿的
moist（中）&damp（贬）潮湿的
humid湿度大的

a wet sponge一块湿海棉
Bring me a moist towel给我拿一块湿毛巾
a cold, damp collar一条冷而且湿的领子
humid atmosphere湿度大的空气

允许，许可

leave[n]允许，许可

He did it without my leave.
The senator asked leave to take the floor.参议员请求起立发言
I take leave to do sth请允许我

此外，leave作名词还有假期的意思

类似的其他表达还包括：

forgive me for doing原谅我
I take the liberty of doing请允许我
I venture to do冒昧

爱

devotion[n](to sb/sth)热爱（多指奉献的爱）
love（爱）/affection（慈爱） for
affectionate[adj]充满慈爱的
infatuation不理智的爱

devotion to the cause of education对教育事业无私的爱
maternal/paternal affection母爱/父爱
Their infatuation with each other won't last.他们对彼此不理智的爱不会长久。

cosmic

[adj]宇宙的

cosmos[n]宇宙

其他形近词：

comic[adj]喜剧的
comet彗星
cosmetics化妆品

cosmetics要与make-up相区分：

She doesn't wear make-up.
~~She doesn't wear cosmetics.~~

近义词universal[adj]宇宙的，普遍的

[NCE3.29]Certain funny situations have a universal appeal.某些有趣的情形有着普遍的吸引力（原文如此但现代牛津词典中appeal表“吸引力”不可数）

表地域

suburban[adj]郊区的（sub-:下方的，外围的）->见识不广的，偏狭的
provincial[adj]省的，首都之外的->目光短浅的
rural农村的
pastoral田园的
urban城市的
metropolitan大城市的，metropolis大城市
cosmopolitan国际性大都会的，cosmopolis国际性大都会

老是（贬）

be always/forever/constantly/continually doing sth
keep (on) doing sth(也可表持续做)
do sth all the time/time and time again/with monotonous regularity/ad nauseam

He's always having arguments with people.他老是与人争辩。
[NCE3.41]He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and gentle pace of living.他总是在谈论友好的人，清洁的空气，与大自然接触以及平和的生活节奏。
Your behavior reflects on me, and I can't do my job if you are constantly humiliating me.你的行为给我留下了印象，而且如果你老是羞辱我，我就无法做我的工作。
[NCE3.29]..., he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home.他总是纠缠着医生请求告诉他何时可以回家。
[NCE3.50]The same old favorites recur year in year out with monotonous regularity.相同的过去喜欢的东西总是一年又一年重复出现。
It just makes me uncomfortable to ask my friends to wait on me all the time.总是让我的朋友为我服务就让我感到不舒服。

认真严肃

get down to sth/doing开始认真严肃做某事

[NCE4.5]get down to fundamentals
get down to business
get down to discussing the details

接受，承认

agree
accept
admit
acknowledge
recognize
concede
grant:「见“常用表达.html”中“（不）同意”相关部分」
assimilate:「见“常用表达.html”中“吸收”相关部分」

All these countries recognize/concede that there is only one China.

青少年

teenager/teen[n]十几岁的孩子
adolescent[n/adj]青春期的（孩子）
adolescence[n]青春期
juvenile[法律]青少年（的）

in one's teens在某人十几岁时
my adolescent daughter我的青少年女儿
juvenile delinquency青少年犯罪
juvenile delinquent青少年犯人

视为

regard/see/count A as B
think of/look on/conceive of A as B
consider A (to be) B
deem/reckon A to be B
be recognized/acknowledged as被公认是

[NCE4.5]I would have been very pleased if I had been regarded as something so interesting as a problem.如果我被认为和一个问题一样有趣我会很高兴的。
[NCE3.23]... consider octopus a great delicacy把章鱼视为美味
Heifetz was recognized/acknowledged as the greatest violinist of the 20th century.海菲茨被公认为20世纪最杰出的小提琴演奏家。

存在

human being人类
intelligent being智慧生物
alien being外星生物
Being and Nothingness存在与虚无

与...相对比

异

in/by contrast to/with
contrast A with B

异同

in/by comparison to/with
compare A to/with B

[NCE4.5]It's as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.从某种意义上讲，他们是宇宙人，与我们这些凡夫俗子形成了鲜明而激烈的对比。
[NCE4.9]The force there assembled was trivial compared with Danish horde.那里集结的军队与丹麦的乌合之众相比显得微不足道。
[NCE4.7]This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.蝙蝠的这种回声定位经常和雷达相比较，因为后者与之原理相似。

mind

be in one's mind记在心中
be on one's mind牵挂

[NCE4.5]All that is in my mind when I meet a young person.每当我遇见年轻人我的头脑中就想到这些。

善意，友好，友好关系

goodwill[n]

exude goodwill流露出善意
promote goodwill促进友好关系
create and strengthen goodwill[外交辞令]
goodwill games友好运动会
goodwill visit友好访问=goodwill tour

拓展：其他访问

official visit正式访问
official goodwill visit
informal visit非正式访问
private visit私人访问
state visit国事访问

意愿

inclination[n]

have an inclination to do sth有意做某事

I haven't the slightest inclination to become a journalist.我无意当一名记者。

incline[v]倾斜->使倾向于

be inclined to do sth倾向于，往往
tend to do/have the tendency to do
trend[n]趋势，潮流
apt[adj]to do易于，有...倾向
prone[adj]to sth/to do sth易于遭受，有做（坏事）的倾向
-prone构成形容词：有做...的倾向，易于遭受...的
liable[adj]（不作定语）to sth可能受...影响
lean to/towards/toward sth倾向，偏向（某意见或利益）
verge:「见“常用表达.html”中“边缘”相关部分」

[NCE4.10]Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future.技术发展的趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。
apt to be forgetful健忘
You are more liable to injury if you exercise infrequently.不经常运动就更容易受伤。
Tired drivers were found to be particularly prone to ignore warning signs.据调查，疲劳驾车时特别容易忽视警示标志。
error-prone容易出错的
The UK leant towards the US proposal.英国倾向于美国的提案。

比赛

contest[n]（裁判打分的）比赛: a speech/beauty/dance contest
game/match[n]（对擂的）比赛: a boxing/basketball/football/volleyball match/game
games[n]运动会: the Olympic games
race（竞速）比赛: a car/boat/horse/swimming race
open公开赛
tournament锦标赛
championship冠军赛

推断

[v]deduce A from B:由B推断出A

deduction[n]推理（的结论）

近义词

conclude A from B
draw/come to the conclusion

infer A from B:由B推导出A
inference[n]推导（的结论）

例子

deduce effect from cause由因推果
What can we infer from the passage?我们可以从文章中推出什么？

使出丑，使丢脸

disgrace[v/n]
shame[v]
humiliate[v]
bring shame on
bring disgrace on
show sb up让（同行的人）丢人

The dishonest minister was publicly disgraced.这位不守信的大臣被当众羞辱了。
His behavior disgraced/shamed/humiliated/brought shame on/brought disgrace on his family.他的表现让他的家庭蒙羞。
Mary's boyfriend showed her up by falling asleep at the concert.玛丽的男朋友在音乐会上睡着，让她丢脸了。

反义词grace[v]

使荣耀: The queen graced us with her presence.女王的光临让我们感到荣幸。
装饰，装点: Her face graced the covers of magazines across the world.她的面容装点了全世界的杂志封面。

[adj]

graceful优美的
disgraceful可耻的

令人惊讶

amaze sb(迷惑不解)
surprise sb(无场合限制)
astonish sb(难以置信)
astound/dumbfound sb(惊呆)

[NCE3.3]When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.当考古学家重建了碎片，他们迷惑的发现这位女神结果是一位非常时髦的女性。
[NCE2.46]He was astonished at what he found. A man was lying in the box on the top of a pile of woolen goods.他难以置信他的发现。一个男人正躺在盒子里一堆毛织品之上。
[NCE3.19]The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.当Ramsay太太告诉警方她做了什么时他们惊呆了。

让步

even if即使
even though尽管

Even though/if you dislike ancient monuments, Warwick Castle is worth a visit.尽管/即使你不喜欢古代遗迹，华威城堡仍值得一看。

具体的

solid
concrete

反义词abstract抽象的

solid/concrete examples/conditions具体的例子/情况
Beauty itself is abstract.美本身是抽象的。

放纵

orgies of/an orgy of疯狂的...,过度的...
binge/spree[n]放纵: 搭配go on a+[adj]+binge/spree

orgies of hatred过度的仇恨
an orgy of killing疯狂的杀戮
an orgy of spending before Christmas圣诞节前疯狂的开销
He went on a drinking binge over the weekend.他整个周末开怀畅饮。
The girls went on a shopping spree on Saturday.姑娘们周六纵情消费。

努力

尽全力：

do/try one's utmost to do
do/try one's best to do
go to great lengths to do
endeavor/endeavour to do
spare no effort to do
give one's all to do
go all out to do

[NCE3.29]Though the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow.
[NCE3.28]The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real.

make joint efforts做出共同努力

labour[I](away)努力做（困难的事）

[GEE2012]labour to create a fabulous machine努力创造一台绝妙的机器

引起，产生，导致

arise-arose-arisen[I]（问题）出现

arise from从...中产生

The conflict arose from tensions between different ethnic groups.冲突产生自不同宗教群体之间的矛盾。

辨析arouse激起

arouse interest激起兴趣
arouse hostility激起敌意
arouse resentment激起怨恨

exert positive/negative effects on产生影响

work sb into使产生（情绪）

He worked himself into a rage.他使自己暴怒。
He worked his audience into enthusiasm.他激起观众的热情。
[NCE4.6]...the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests for national virtue.那些疯狂于这些荒唐比赛，并且煞有介事的相信——至少短期内如此——跑步，跳跃和踢球是对一个民族品格素质的检验的国家。

pose「见“一词多义.html”中“pose”相关部分」

flow from来自，由...引起

[GEE2011]... emotions can flow from muscular responses. ...肌肉反应可以引起情感。

prompt[T]促使，导致，激起

[GEE2018]prompt humans to connect with each other促使人们相互联系

spark[T]引发

[GEE2019]spark serious ethical controversies引发严肃的伦理争议

繁衍，孕育

spawn[T/I]（鱼或青蛙）产卵；[T]引起，引发: 英文释义：to make a series of things happen or start to exist
breed[I]动物繁殖；[T]孕育，导致
give birth to孕育出
propagate[T/I]植物繁衍；[T]传播，宣传

New technology has spawned new business opportunities.新的技术带来了新的商业机遇。
Unemployment breeds social unrest.失业导致社会动荡。
Marx's ideas gave birth to communism.马克思的观点孕育出了共产主义。
Such lies are propagated in the media.媒体传播这些谎言。

战争

warfare[U]强调种类

germ warfare细菌战
jungle warfare丛林战
nuclear warfare核战争
chemical warfare化学战
guerrilla warfare游击战
psychological warfare心理战
[NCE4.6]mimic warfare模拟战争

观众

spectator（体育比赛）观众（一个一个数）
audience（电影等）观众（一群一群数）
viewer（电视）观众
onlooker/looker-on旁观者

适合的

fit[adj]适合的

be fit for: The food is not fit for human consumption.这种食物不适合人类食用。
be fit to do: He is not fit to govern the country.他不适合统治这个国家。

suitable[adj]搭调的

I haven't any suitable clothes for the wedding.我没有适合婚礼的衣服。
The present isn't suitable for an old man.这个礼物不适合送给一个老人。

appropriate[adj]非常协调的

Your dress is appropriate for a formal party.正式的聚会上穿你的这条裙子很合适。

felicitous[adj]分寸把握得好的

felicitous remarks有分寸的评论

proper[adj]泛指合适的

标准

standard [n]标准，水准，水平

safety/moral/living standards安全/道德/生活水准
a high/low standard of living高/低水平的生活
International Standards Organization(ISO)

相关搭配：meet/reach/pass/live up to/satisfy/fulfill standards符合标准

criterion/criteria机构标准

如“录取标准”：

admission criterion
the criteria we use to select candidates

yardstick/benchmark [fml]标准

The yardstick/benchmark of truth is practice.真理的标准是实践。
Some people believe that a society has to place its overall success before the well-being of its members to achieve prosperity, whereas others believe that the only benchmark of the well-being of a society is the general welfare of all its people. Admittedly, a society should pursue its overall success, but from my perspective this goal will never be attained unless and until the well-being of all its individual citizens is properly respected.一些人认为一个社会应将其整体的成功置于其成员的幸福之前「见“介词和连词.html”中“before”相关部分」来实现繁荣，而另一些人认为一个社会中所有人民总体的福祉才是其幸福的唯一标准。诚然，一个社会应该追求整体的成功，但在我看来除非它的全体个体公民的幸福得到了恰当的尊重这个目标将永远无法达到。
To sum up, I concede that the overall success of a society is important indeed. However, without sufficient emphasis on personal welfare, not only would the motivations of a society's citizens be weakened, but the philosophical underpinnings of democracy would also be undermined. Therefore, the only yardstick of the well-being of any society, I believe, is not its overall success, but the general welfare of all its people.总的来说，我承认整体的成功确实重要。然而，不充分强调个人福祉，不仅会减弱社会中公民的动力，而且会逐渐削弱民主的哲学基础。因此，我认为任何社会唯一一个幸福标准不是其整体的成功，而是其全体人民总体的福祉。

惩罚

penalize[T]惩罚，处罚

正式处罚某人，常暗示因违反规则或法律而采取一种金钱形式的处罚或者使其丧失某种特权。

penalize sb (for sth)

A referee may penalize players for wasting time.裁判可能因为运动员浪费时间而处罚他们。

penalty[n]惩罚

fine[v]罚款

fine sb (money) for sth

He was fined $300 for reckless driving.他因为鲁莽驾驶被罚款300美元。

sentence[v]判处

be sentenced to被判处

He was sentenced to 10 years in prison/life imprisonment/death.他被判处十年有期徒刑/无期徒刑/死刑。

discipline[v]处分

discipline sb for sth

The worker was disciplined for insubordination.那个工人因为不服从命令而被处分。

conviction[C/U](for sth)定罪

She has six previous convictions for theft.她有六次盗窃前科。

死刑

death penalty/capital punishment死刑

electrocute[v]电死，以电刑处死

execute[v]处死；执行=carry out

execute one's command/will执行某人的命令/意愿
He was executed for treason.他因为叛国罪被处死。

persecute[v]迫害

Jews were persecuted by Nazis.犹太人被纳粹迫害。

辨析：prosecute[v]控告

Trespassers will be prosecuted.不法进入者将会被起诉。

清除

eliminate[v]彻底清除

Many infectious diseases have been virtually eliminated.许多传染性疾病几乎已被彻底消灭了。
The credit card eliminates the need for cash or checks.信用卡彻底消灭了现金和支票的需求。

近义词

remove
get rid of
root out
eradicate

eradicate crime/poverty根除犯罪/贫穷

abolish废除

abolish slavery废除奴隶制
abolish capital punishment/death penalty废除死刑

协议

accord/treaty（国际）
pact/compact（各种）
contract（合同）
deal（商业）
agreement（各种）

political correctness

政治正确
原始	修改后
unemployed	between jobs
She is pregnant.	She is knitting a tiny garment.（她在织一件小衣服）
dustman	garbologist
butcher	meat technologist
housewife	domestic engineer
the disabled/handicapped	the physically challenged
Negro/Black	African-American/Afro-American非裔美国人
Eskimo爱斯基摩人	Inuit因纽特人
Oriental东方人，东亚国家的人	Asian/Chinese/Korean/Japanese(-American)

the mentally challenged
the vertically challenged侏儒
the horizontally challenged胖子

官员

official[adj/n]官员（的）

official corruption官员腐败
official attitude官员作派

bureaucrat官僚
bureaucracy[U]官僚制度/作风

civil servant公务员

家禽，家畜

fowl[C单复同型与+s均可/U]家禽
poultry家禽（泛指）
livestock/stock家畜（泛指）

当今

these days
today
nowadays

[NCE4.8]These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.如今，是国家法规之间的差异——而远不仅仅是关税——在妨碍富裕国家之间的贸易。
[NCE3.4]These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices.现如今，做体力活的人常常比在办公室工作的人赚得多得多。

造句：现如今，是风俗习惯的差异，而远不仅仅是语言问题，阻碍了跨国婚姻（transnational marriage）。

These days, it is differences in habits and customs, far more than languages, that put sand in the wheels of transnational marriage.

对比：in those days当初

[NCE4.9]In those days, wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.当初，流浪艺人到处都受到欢迎。
[NCE3.21]In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.当初，拳击手们赤手空拳搏斗来赢取奖金。

妨碍

put sand in the wheels of
put obstacles in the way of
stand in the way of
hinder
impede
hamper

[NCE4.33]There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality.那里没有我们今天社会中的匆忙生活，这种匆忙生活常常阻碍个性的全面发展。

brake[n]刹车；(on sth)阻力，障碍

High interest rates are a brake on the economy.

hindrance[C, usually sing.]造成妨碍的人或物；[U]妨碍，阻挠
hinder[T]sb/sth (from sth/doing sth)阻碍

a political situation that hinders economic growth
[GEE2014]hindrance to the reform of the legal system

clear the way for sth/sth to happen（为...）清除障碍，扫清道路

The ruling could clear the way for extradition proceedings.这项裁决也许能为引渡程序铺平道路。

（不）同意

词汇

approve[T]正式同意；approve of同意

The budget has been approved by the legislature.预算已得到立法机关正式批准。
Catherine's parents now approve of her marriage.卡瑟琳的父母现在同意她的婚姻了。

disapprove of sb/sth/frown on/upon sb/sth不同意

agreement/permission/approval[U]同意

reject[T]拒收，不录用，拒绝接纳；拒绝接收，不予考虑

His application has been rejected.他的申请被拒收了。
to reject an argument/a claim/a decision/an offer/a suggestion拒绝接受一个论点/一项要求/一个决定/一项提议/一个建议

endorse[T]（公开）支持，赞同，认可

[GEE2016]endorse this sentiment支持这种观点

unanimous

（决定或意见）一致的，一致同意的
(in sth)（团体）意见一致的，一致同意某事的

[GEE2017]a rare unanimous ruling一次罕见的一致同意的裁决

consent

[I](to sth/to do)(fml)准许
[U](to sth)准许

[GEE2018]There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.有很多知情患者同意的教训可以学习。

veto

[U/C]否决权
[C](on sth)拒绝认可，禁止=ban
[T]拒绝认可，禁止
[T]拒不接受，反对，否定=rule out

I wanted to go camping but the others quickly vetoed that idea.我想去野营，但这个想法很快遭到了其他人的反对。
积累：the power/right of veto否决权
For months there was a veto on employing new staff.有好几个月禁止雇佣新职员。

grant

大体上表示“同意”，但也有不同侧重点。

[T]sth (to sb/sth)/(sb) sth（常用被动）（正式的或法律上）同意，允许
[T]（勉强）承认，同意

前者同意行为、决定、要求等，后者同意观点，用法有不同。

The bank finally granted a $500 loan to me/me a $500 loan.
My request was granted.
She's a smart woman, I grant you.我同意你的观点，她是一个聪明的女人。
I grant you (that) it looks good, but it's not exactly practical.我承认你说的，它好看，但并不实用。

dismiss[T]sb/sth (as sth)不予考虑，摒弃，对...不屑一提=wave aside

[GEE2012]... decisions ... are so easily dismissed as unjust. ...的决定这么轻易就被认为不公平而不予考虑。

短语

arms

(be) up in arms (about/over sth)（不正式）（一群人）极力反对，强烈抗议

[GEE2013]And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.在欧洲，一些人极力反对一个降低社会科学研究专项拨款并将其整合进可持续发展的整合话题的提案。

nod

get the nod（习语）被选中，获得许可
give sb/sth the nod（习语）允许，对...表示同意；挑选
give a nod of approval/agreement/encouragement点头表示赞同/同意/鼓励

agree用法总结

agree (to sth/(that)+从句/to do sth)应允，答应，同意（按某人想法去做或允许某事发生）
agree (with sb) (about/on sth)/(with sth)/(that)+从句/直接引语同意（观点）
be agreed (on/about sth)/be agreed (that ...)（对...）取得一致意见，一致同意
agree sth/on sth/to do sth/wh-商定，约定
agree[T]批准，认可=approve
agree (with sth)（与...）相符，一致=tally；（在数、性或人称上与...）一致（用于表述语法）

The government has agreed in principle to a referendum.政府原则上同意了要进行一次全民公决。
I agree with her analysis of the situation.我赞成她对形势的分析。
He agreed with them about the need for change.他同意他们需要变革的意见。
Are we all agreed on this?我们在这个问题上是不是全体意见一致？
It was agreed (that) we should hold another meeting.大家一致同意我们应该再开一次会。
They left at ten, as agreed.他们按照约定好的时间在十点钟离去。
Can we agree on a date?我们能否约定一个日期？
We agreed to meet on Thursday.我们约定星期四见面。
We couldn't agree what to do.关于应该怎么办我们各执己见。
Your account of the accident does not agree with hers.你对事故的叙述与她的不一致。

agreement[n]

[C](with sb)/(between A and B)协定，协议，契约

抽象名词不可数

（意见或看法）一致
应允，同意
（在数、性或人称方面的）一致

[NCE4.8]... wants agreement on general principles ... . ...希望在普遍原则上达成一致...。

agreeable:「见“一词多义.html”中“agreeable”相关部分」

也就是说，确切来说

or more exactly
that is (to say)

例如，I loved him-that is, I thought I did.我爱过他——确切来说，我那时认为我爱他。

又如，The fare is reduced for children, that is anyone under 15 years old.儿童——确切来说是所有不满十五岁的人——交通费可以减免。

表事物种类

of a ... nature

例如treaties of a political nature政治协议

太...以至于

be ... enough to do
be so ... as to do
be ... enough that ...
be so ... that ...

They are rash enough/so rash as to cross the pass on foot.他们太鲁莽了以至于徒步穿过关口。

局部与整体的关系

形成

structure/organize[v]组织，计划

The exhibition is structured around three topics.这场展出是围绕三个话题组织的。

construct[v]构成，构建，形成

You must learn how to construct a logical argument.你必须学会如何构建一个合逻辑的论证过程。
[NCE4.48]construct a portfolio with some shares(but not high risk ones)制定一份包含某些（风险不是很大的）股份的投资组合
construct a sentence造句
construct an agreement起草协议

组成

constitute
make up
compose
comprise

由...组成

comprise
be made up of
be composed of
consist of

One hundred members constitute/make up/compose/comprise the committee.
The committee consists of/is made up of/is composed of/comprises one hundred members.

其他积累：

The rise in crime constitutes/poses a threat/menace to society.犯罪活动的增加对社会构成了威胁。

所占部分

fraction分数/一小部分
proportion（比例）/percentage（百分比）部分
majority大部分，大多数
minority少数，少数派，少数人
bulk[sing.]主体，大部分

a high/large proportion/percentage of
a small/tiny proportion/percentage of
the bulk (of sth)

proportionate/proportional[adj](to sth)(fml)成比例的，相称的
disproportionate[adj](to sth)不成比例的，不相称的

[NCE4.10]constitute the majority/a high/large proportion/percentage of the engineering staffs组成了工程人员的大部分
[GEE2017]the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere我们星球大部分的稠密大气
The number of accidents is proportionate to the increased volume of traffic.交通事故的数字与交通量的增长成正比。
The area contains a disproportionate number of young middle-class families.此地年轻的中产阶级家庭特别多。

造句：我们所有人加在一起挣的钱，也不过是比尔盖茨的一小部分而已。: All of us put together earn only a fraction of the money made by Bill Gates.

占比

account for:「见“常用表达.html”中“叙述，讲述”相关部分」
take up
make up

涉及范围

cover[T]包括，包含，涉及，处理
embrace[T]包括，包含
encompass[T]包括，包含，涉及（大量事物）

The course covers all aspects of business and law.这门课程涉及了商业和法律的方方面面。
Do the rules cover/Do the rules apply to a case like this?这些规则涉及这样一种情况吗？
The talks embraced a wide range of issues.这些谈话涉及的问题非常广泛。
The job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities.这项工作涉及的职责范围很广。

积累

In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.在美国的经济体制里，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料所有权，还包括某些权利，包括产品定价权以及与另一个私立个体签订自由协议的权利。
"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of". By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.“人类学”起源于希腊语单词“人类”和“研究”。仅仅「very[adj]（加强名词的语气）仅仅的，唯独的，甚至于」按照它的名字，人类学包括了对全体人类的研究。

隶属

affiliate[T]sb/sth (with/to sb/sth)（常用被动）使隶属，使并入（更大的团体、公司、组织）；[C]分支机构，成员组织

例如

say/let's say假定，比方说

[NCE4.8]... hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. ...敲定不同的、涵盖，比方说，电子商品和药物生产的协议。

英语中的地理传统

continental大陆的: a continental climate大陆性气候
Continental欧洲大陆的
the continent/Continent欧洲大陆
the channel/Channel英吉利海峡

延伸到

extend to
spread to

[NCE4.8]... could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries. ...可以应用到许多类型的产品并且可能延伸到其他国家。

走

wandering[adj]浪迹天涯的，居无定所的
wander/roam漫无目的地走

a band of wandering musicians
[NCE2.70]During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring.在斗牛期间，一个醉汉突然漫无目的的走进了场地中央。

have/take/go for a walk/stroll散步

[NCE3.19]He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always home by seven o'clock.他常常在傍晚散会步并且总是不晚于「见“介词和连词.html”中“by”相关部分」七点到家。
[NCE3.23]The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.这个主意从未引起我特别的兴趣，但有一天在一场强阵雨之后，碰巧我在我的花园里走着的时候注意到大量蜗牛在我一些长得很好的「prize[adj]（尤指动物、花或蔬菜）好得足以获奖的，应获奖的」植物上散步。

walk the dog遛狗

stretch one's legs出去走走

[NCE3.44]You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, meet interesting people and enjoy good food ... .你可以在宽敞的甲板上走走，玩玩游戏，见一些有趣的人，还可以享用美味的食物...。

stray迷路的

stray sheep迷途的羔羊
[NCE3.33]Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake. It was just one of those days!只有两只迷路的狗从这场混乱中受益——它们贪婪的狼吞虎咽仅剩的蛋糕「见“一词多义.html”中“leave”相关部分」。这就是事事不顺心的那么一天！

方位

in the south of（在内部）南部
on the south of（在外部，相接）南方
(to) the south of（在外部，不相接）南方

Shanghai is in the south of China.
Vietnam is on the south of China.
1000 km south of Xi'an西安以南1000公里

东/西

the Near East近东
the Middle East中东
the Far East远东
oriental[adj]东方的；[n]东方人
the Orient东方国家
occidental[adj]西方的；[n]西方人
the Occident西方国家

这/那里

thither[adv]去那里，到那里
hither[adv]去这里，到这里
hither and thither=here and there到处，各处

The leaves were blown hither and thither by the wind.叶子被风吹得到处都是。
Colored fish darted hither and thither.彩色的鱼到处冲。

主要的、最重要的人或事物

main

（只作定语）主要的、最重要的

The main thing is to remain calm.最重要的是保持冷静。

major

（常作定语）主要的、重要的、大的

He played a major role in setting up the system.他在建立这个系统的过程中扮演了主要角色。
Our major concern here is combatting poverty.在这里我们最关心的是解决贫穷问题。

major最常用于不定冠词a之后，与单数名词连用；或不用冠词，与复数名词连用。

major与the和形容词性物主代词连用意为最主要的、最重要的。此时major只用于指人的想法或担忧，而非物质的东西，且较main正式。

a major road一条大马路
~~the major road~~
the main road

key

（常作定语）最重要的，主要的，关键的

He was a key figure in the campaign.他是这场运动的关键人物。
Speed is key at this point.这个时候速度是关键。

最常用于商务和政治语境，可用以指想法或某人在某情形下起的作用，而非物质的东西。在主语为名词的句子中充当表语时尤为正式。

central

（非常正式）最重要的，首要的，主要的

The central issue is that of widespread racism.最重要的问题是种族主义泛滥。

与key用法相似但比key更正式，常用于be central to。

principal

（非常正式，只作定语）最重要的，主要的

The principal reason for this omission is lack of time.跳过它的主要原因是时间不足。

陈述无可争辩的事实。如果是表明意见或说服别人，常用key或central。

chief

（非常正式，只作定语）最重要的，首要的，主要的

Unemployment was the chief cause of poverty.

prime

（非常正式，只作定语）首要的，主要的

My prime concern is to protect my property.

反义词：微不足道的

little
trivial
insignificant
unimportant
trifling

措施

take fire/safety/security/sanitary precautions采取火灾/安全/安保/卫生预防措施
take effective/drastic measures to do采取有效/极端措施

The government took precautions to prevent the spread of the disease.政府已采取预防措施防止疾病蔓延。

收入

proceeds[n](of/from sth)收入，收益

The proceeds of the concert will go to charity.

辨析：proceedings诉讼。

divorce proceedings离婚诉讼

辨析：proceed to do继续做

gain[U]利润

fame and gain名利

profit[U/C]on/from sth利润

时间长短

持久的，长时间的

prolonged
protracted
lengthy
for long
at (...) length:「见“常用表达.html”中“详细”相关部分」

使延长

prolong
protract

a lengthy explanation冗长的解释
prolonged questioning长时间的盘问
prolonged exposure to the sun长时间暴露在太阳下
prolonged/protracted warfare长期的战争
He never stays angry for long.他生气时间从来不会长。

反义词curtail[v]使缩短

curtail one's holiday

纠缠

harry[T]纠缠，骚扰

The Vikings harried the English coast.维京人袭扰了英国的海岸。

harass[v]纠缠；harassment[n]

assail[v]袭击，引申为骚扰

[NCE3.28]I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring.我一下船就被一个想向我兜售钻戒的人骚扰了。

pester sb for sth为了...纠缠...
pester sb to do纠缠某人做某事

The beggar pestered me for money.这个乞丐纠缠着让我给钱。
[NCE3.29]From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home.从他进医院开始就不厌其烦的纠缠着医生，让他告诉自己什么时候可以回家。

历史人物

历史人名+称谓/外号等

Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝

装扮

disguise A as B把A装扮成B

[NCE4.9]Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.阿尔弗雷德大帝临时充当自己的细作，装扮为一个吟游歌手潜入丹麦人的营地。
He escaped across the border disguised as a priest.他乔装为一个牧师逃过边界。

dress (sb) up as（使）装扮成

The king dressed (himself) up as a peasant.
[NCE3.40]When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.一个学生最近看到他所在的大学外有两个工人在使用风钻，于是他马上报警通知警察说有两个学生假扮成工人使用风钻破坏路面。

年龄

in (one's) youth（某人）年轻时

[NCE3.24]The reader's hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine a dear old lady who had always been so kind to every body, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.读者读到小说最后几页，发现女主人公，一位亲爱的、总是对所有人都很好的老淑女年轻时毒死了她的五任丈夫，一定会感到毛骨悚然。
I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, but delicious in the years of maturity. --Albert Einstein我生活在那种孤独中，年轻时感到痛苦，成熟后又感到愉悦。

使多样化

vary
add variety to
diversify
add color/spice to

[NCE4.9]..., and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring. ...，并且可以穿插一些杂技和简单的魔术使自己的节目多样化。
[NCE3.31]This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add color to the dull routine of everyday life.他们不断为自己赢得他人的爱与尊重，因为他们让平淡的日常生活变得丰富多彩。

花费

take

人/事物/虚主语it+take均表花费

I went on an excursion recently, but my trip took me longer than I expected.我最近去远足了一次，但这次旅行比我预想的时间要长。
It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.我花了超过半小时来摆脱他。
He always takes so long to eat his breakfast.他总是花很久来吃早餐。

进入

penetrate (into/through)[T/I]费力进入

Our troops have penetrated (into) enemy territory.我们的军队费力进入了敌人的领土。

trespass on非法进入

I accused him of trespassing on my estate.我指控他侵入了我的私有土地。

冒险

risk sth/doing冒...险

risk one's life冒生命危险
risk being caught in a storm冒着遭遇暴风雨的风险

而不是

instead of
in preference to
in place of
rather than（准并列连词）

Alfred harried the enemy

instead of risking
in preference to risking
in place of risking
rather than risked

open battle.阿尔弗雷德不断袭击敌人而不是冒险正面作战。

He is to be pitied rather than to be disliked.他会得到同情而不是厌恶。

合乎逻辑地

reasonably
justifiably
legitimately

interval

[n]（两件事之间的）间隔时间

interval between A and B
at ... intervals每隔

The trains runs at hourly/20 minutes intervals.列车每小时/20分钟发一趟。
[NCE4.46]Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.说实在的，把工作当作乐趣的那些人可能最需要每隔一段时间把工作从头脑中撇开。

只须

have only to do ... to do只须...就可以...

[NCE4.7]..., and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.: 而我们只须诉诸于蝙蝠回声定位这一极不寻常的发现就可以看到一个声音发挥完全实用主义的作用的例子。
造句：我们只须借助于1936年奥运会的具体例子就可以知道国际体育比赛会导致疯狂的仇恨。: We have only to turn to the concrete example of the 1936 Olympic Games to know that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred.

中立的，持平的，无倾向性的

neutral
impartial
unbiased

It's strictly a neutral organization.它完全是一个中立组织。

发挥作用

play a ... role/part in

The government should play a more prominent/noticeable part in promoting human rights.政府应该在宣扬人权方面发挥更显著的作用。
[NCE4.15]This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.这尤其适用于化学行业，因为在那些行业中偶然的发现比在物理和机械行业中发挥着大得多的作用。
[NCE4.44]The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.最重要的事实是风俗在实践和信仰中所发挥的主导作用，以及它所表现出来的极其丰富多彩的形式。
[NCE4.44]John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect tranditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.约翰・杜威曾非常严肃的指出习俗在塑造个体行为中发挥的作用与个体以任何方式能对传统习俗产生的影响相比，就像他本国语言的总词汇量与他自己咿哑学语时其家庭所接纳的他的词汇量相比。

理解

appreciation[U/sing]of sth理解，体谅，同情
appreciate[T]=realize（不用于进行时）理解，意识到，领会

[NCE4.7]To get a full appreciation of what this means ... .为了充分理解其含义，...。: =To fully appreciate what this means, ... .
I had no appreciation of the problems they faced.我没有体谅到他们所面临的困难。
There is a growing appreciation of the need for evironmental reforms.环境改造的需要得到了越来越多人的理解。

借助于

turn to诉诸于
resort to借助于（不得已的手段）

We can solve this problem without resorting to legal action.我们可以不借助法律手段解决这个问题。
The child turned to his mother for comfort.孩子向母亲寻求安慰。

要注意语序变换：

[NCE4.5]..., but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders.但我不会向尊重长者这一套陈词滥调寻求保护。

距离

附近

in the vicinity of
in the neighborhood of
close to
adjacent to
near
off

[NCE4.7]Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.所有人都知道如果他在一面墙或一个山坡附近喊叫，回声会反射回来。
Not if I can help it. I've been thinking of renting an apartment off campus with some friends of mine.能不就不。我一直在考虑和我几个朋友在学校附近租公寓。

off

[adv]离开（某处）；（在时间或空间上）距，离。因此可以添加修饰使其表示“远”。

He lives far away/off.他住得很远。

反射

come back
bounce back
be reflected

[NCE4.7]..., an echo will come back.
[NCE4.7]A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, ... .轻拍船体发出的声音会从海底被反射回来，...。

far的比较级

further: Br:抽象/具体; Am:抽象
farther: Am:具体

further development/investigation: 更深的开发/调查
[NCE4.7]The further off this solid obstruction (is), the longer time will elapse for return of the echo.: 固体障碍物距离越远，回声返回花费的时间越长。; 详见“the 比较级，the 比较级”部分。

海底

sea bottom
sea bed
sea floor

变化

vary according to根据...发生变化

[NCE4.7]Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and the nature of the object.任何固体都能反射声音。反射的声音因物体的大小和性质而有所不同。
造句：每一个退休工人都可以得到一笔退休金（pension），根据职务（post）和工作年限（working period）而有所不同。: Every retired worker can receive a pension, varying according to his post and working period.

简单

It is a comparatively simple step from A to B.从A到B的进展比较简单。: comparatively=relatively[adv]相对地
It is a small step from A to B.从A到B的进展很简单。

第一种表达就更强调进展到A和由A到B两个过程的对比。

That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.那是个人的一小步，却是人类的一大步。
[NCE4.7]So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.
It is a small step from loving a man to the bone to hating him to the core.从爱一个人到骨子里到对同一个人恨之入骨是很简单的。

避开

steer clear of
avoid
get around
elude:「见“书面用法.html”中“无灵主语/物称主语”相关部分」
evade[T]躲避->规避（法律或道德责任）；避开（处理或谈论某事）；(fml)想不出，不发生

We tried to steer clear of political issues.我们尽量避开政治问题。
evade capture逃脱抓捕
evade all responsibility逃避所有责任
evade the issue回避这个问题
积累：evade answering a question对问题避而不答
The answer evaded him.他答不上来。

谋生

feed on sth以...为主食（肉/草）
prey on sth以...为主食（肉）
live on sth（人）以...为生

Cows feed on hay.奶牛以干草为食。
Owls prey on mice.

结合

integrate[v](A) (into/with B)/A and B（使）合并，成为一体: integrated[adj]各部分完美组合在一起的，综合的
embed/imbed[T]（常用被动）sth (in sth)把...牢牢地嵌入（或埋入、插入）
synthesize[T]综合

an integrated public transport system一个综合公共交通体系
integrated circuit集成电路
One of the attractive features of the course was the way the practical work had been integrated with the theoretical aspects of the subject.这门课程吸引人的特点之一是实践成果与学科的理论层面相结合的方式。

学校

institute

[n]（教育、专业等）机构，机构建筑

California Institute of Technology(CIT)加州理工学院

university

[C/U](abbr. Univ.)（综合性）大学，高等学府

University of California at Berkley加州大学伯克利分校

academy

[n]专科院校: a police/military academy警官/军官学校
[n]（常用Academy）（艺术、文学、科学等的）研究院，学会: the Royal Academy of Arts皇家艺术学会

college

[C/U]

（英国）学院，职业学校，技术学校
（美国）大学

school综合大学中的院系

graduate school研究生院

数量变化

to表绝对水平（“到”），也可以用from ... to .../betwwen ... and ...；by表幅度（“了”）（「见“介词和连词.html”中“by”相关部分」）。

drop/fall/decrease下降
diminish[T/I]减少
shrink[T/I]（使）缩小，减少
cut[T]削减
cut down (on sth)/cut sth down/down sth缩小，削减（尺寸，数量或数目）
scale sth down/down sth=(Am)scale sth back/back sth减少（数量）；缩小（规模或范围）
scale sth up/up sth增大，扩大（规模或数量）
plummet/plunge/nosedive/take a nosedive暴跌
rise/go up/increase/climb/escalate上升
raise[T]提高
soar/rocket/skyrocket/leap暴涨
jump[T/I]猛增；[C]猛增
fluctuate[I]（大小、数量等）波动，（在...之间）起伏不定
vary[I](with sth)（根据情况）变化，变更，改变

[NCE4.10]the time and the cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars制造一块芯片的时间和成本降至数天和数百美元
The world's resources are rapidly diminishing.
[GEE2018]the shrinking demand for postal service对邮政业务越来越少的需求
cut prices/taxes/spending/production削减价格/税/开支/产量
Could you cut your essay from 5000 to 3000 words?你能把文章从5000字删减到3000字吗？
The doctor told him to cut down on drinking.医生劝他少喝酒。
We need to cut the article down to 1000 words.我们得把这篇文章压缩到1000字。
We are thinking of scaling down our training programmes next year.我们在考虑明年缩小培训计划。
The IMF has scaled back its growth forecasts for the next decade.国际货币基金组织已经调低了它对未来十年的增长预期。
Since January, sales of cars have plummeted/plunged/nosedived/taken a nosedive.从一月以来，汽车销量发生暴跌。
House prices have escalated to a worrying level.房价已经涨到了令人担心的水平。
They raised their offer to $500.他们将出价抬高到500元。
Gold prices soared/rocketed to their hightest level since 1983.金价暴涨到了1983年以来的最高水平。
fluctuating prices波动的价格
During the crisis, oil prices fluctuated between $20 and $40 a barrel.在危机时期，每桶石油的价格在20至40元间波动。
The menu varies with the season.菜单随季节而变动。
Prices vary according to the type of room you require.价格随要求的户型而有所变化。
Class numbers vary between 25 and 30.班级数目从25到30不等。

burgeon:「见“常用表达.html”中“发展”相关部分」

预告

predict（主语为人）预报，预告，预言
forecast[n]预测，预报；[v]（主语为人或物）预测，预报: 词典上强调"based on information that is available now"。
foretell（主语为人或物）（尤指用魔力）预知，预言

Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest.瑞雪兆丰年。
The report forecasts that prices will rise by 3% next month.这份报告预测下个月价格会上涨3%。
The trial is predicted to last for months.预料这场审讯会持续数月之久。: predict+宾语+to do只用于被动语态。forecast也有相同用法。

抢先

get a jump on sb
gain an advantage over sb
give sb a jump on sb

[NCE4.10]giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast使美国在把新产品快速推向市场方面比它的外国竞争者抢先一步

使用

draw on sth利用
use/make use of
wield
exploit利用（资源）

It was a challenge, but luckily we had experience to draw on.这是一个挑战，但幸运的是我们有经验可以利用。
be able to wield both the pen and the sword可以同时使用笔诛和剑伐
exploit natural resources

控制

a lock on sth=complete control of sth

monopoly[C](in/of/on sth)垄断

irrepressible[adj]（感情等）无法控制的，难以遏制的

积累：irrepressible confidence十足的信心

资助

financing[n]资助的过程或资金
funding[U]（提供）资金

sponsor[T]赞助[n]赞助者

fund[T]=subsidize=finance为...提供资金

a charity financed/funded/backed by private donations私人捐赠资助的慈善机构
a government-subsidized health service政府资助的医疗服务

上义词remit[T]汇款=forward

remit funds汇寄资金

benefactor[n](fml)捐款人

擅长

adept[adj](at/in (doing) sth)内行的，熟练的，擅长的=skilful=accomplished

adept通常后接擅长的事物，作表语。skilful和accomplished则常作定语，后接的名词是一种身份，暗示擅长的事物。

a(n) skilful/accomplished player/performer/teacher/artist/actor/chef
He's usually adept at keeping his private life out of the media.他通常十分擅长于使他的私生活远离媒体。

excel[I](in/at sth/at doing sth)擅长，善于，突出

The team excels at turning defence into attack.这个队擅长打防守反击。

恶化

degrade[T]使恶化
degradation[U]毁坏，恶化（过程）

deteriorate[I](into sth)变坏，恶化，退化
deterioration[n]恶化的过程或恶化了的状态

environmental degradation环境恶化
the ability to meet human needs indefinitely without degrading the environment无限期的满足人类需求而不会破坏环境的能力
The discussion quickly deteriorated into an angry argument.这场讨论迅速演变成愤怒的争吵。
The recent deterioration has been caused by an apparently endless recession.最近的恶化是由貌似没完没了的萧条造成的。

不可阻挡或改变的

the inexorable rise of crime阻遏不了的犯罪趋势: 针对过程
her relentless pursuit of perfection她对完美的不懈追求: inexorable同义词
unrelenting pressure持续不断的压力: 针对令人不快的局面
The sun was relentless.太阳还是那么热。: unrelenting同义词

装饰

decoration[C, usually pl.]装饰品
ornament[C]装饰品
adornment[C]装饰品；[U]装饰

Christmas decorations
a china/glass ornament瓷器/玻璃装饰品
Cosmetics are used for adornment.
It was a building without any adornment.

decor[C, usually sing.]（建筑内部的）装饰布局，装修风格

interior decor室内装饰风格

详细

at (...) length长时间，详尽地
in (...) detail详细
elaborate[T/I](on/upon sth)详尽阐述；[adj]（常作定语）详尽的

He quoted at length from the report.
We have already discussed this matter at great length.
The issue will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.
[GEE2010]in detail and at length
He said he was resigning but did not elaborate on his reasons.
She went on to elaborate her argument.
[GEE2010]elaborate layout

紧迫

loom[v]显得突出，逼近

There was a crisis looming.危机迫在眉睫。

胜利

triumph[v](over sb/sth)打败，战胜；[C/U](over sb/sth)巨大成功，伟大胜利
「见“一词多义.html”中“prevail”相关部分」
「见“一词多义.html”中“conquer”相关部分」

It was a personal triumph over her old rival.这是她对老对头的个人胜利。
France triumphed 3-0 in the final.法国队在决赛中以3：0获胜。

妥协

compromise[C]妥协，互让，和解；[U]达成妥协（或和解）；[C](between A and B)妥协（或折中）方案；[v](with sb) (on sth)（为达成协议而）妥协，折中，让步
concede sth (to sb)/sb sth（尤指勉强地）让与，让步，允许
concession[C/U]让步，妥协

reach/make a compromise/compromises/concessions/a concession达成妥协，作出让步
a compromise solution/agreement/candidate折中的解决方案/协议/候选人
Compromise is an inevitable part of life.妥协是生活中不可避免的一部分。
This model represents the best compromise between price and quality.这种型号是价格和质量之间的最佳折中方案。
Neither side is prepared to compromise.双方都不愿意妥协。
Women were only conceded full voting rights in the 1950s.妇女在20世纪50年代才被容许完全享有选举权。
a major/an important concession重大让步

节约

conserve：「见“构词法.html”中“-serve”相关部分」
thrift[U]（褒义）节约，节俭
thrifty（褒义）节约的，节俭的=frugal
thriftiness[n]繁荣；节俭
sparing[adj](with sth)慎用；俭省的；吝惜的

[GEE2024]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists突出早期美国殖民者的节俭
积累：Doctors now advise only sparing use of such creams.现在大夫建议，这种乳霜要慎用。
He was always sparing with his praise.他从不轻易说赞扬话。

规则/常规

rule[C]规则，规章；[C, usually sing.]习惯，常规
norm[n]（常用the norm）常态
norms[pl.]规范，行为标准

follow/obey/observe the rules遵守规则
rules and regulations规章制度
break a rule违反规定
unwritten rules不成文规定
积累：Cold winters here are exception rather than the rule.在这里严寒的冬天并不多见。
积累：As a general rule vegetable oils are better for you than animal fats.一般来说植物油比动物脂肪对人更好。
a departure from the norm一反常态
social/cultural norms社会/文化规范

联盟

coalition[U]联合，联盟；[C]（尤指多个政治团体的）联合体，联盟
alliance[n]结盟团体；(with sb/sth)/(between A and B)（国家，政党等的）结盟

建立同盟：

「见“一词多义.html”中“forge[v]”相关部分」
form/make an alliance

程度变化

减轻

mitigate[T]
alleviate[T]
ease[T/I]
dampen[T]抑制，控制，减弱（感情，反应等）
check[T]控制，抑制，阻止
curb[T]控制，抑制，约束（不好的事物）
diminish[T/I]（使）减弱
undermine[T]逐渐削弱，逐渐动摇

The pain immediately eased.
It would ease my mind to know that she was settled.知道她已安顿下来会使我放心些。
alleviate suffering减轻苦难
Soil erosion was mitigated by the planting of trees.植树造林减轻了土壤侵蚀。
[GEE2011]dampen our moods抑制我们的情绪
check your anger/laughter/tears忍住怒火/笑/眼泪
[GEE2013]Justices intended to check the power of the administration.法官们打算限制政府权力。
He needs to learn to curb his temper.他得学着控制自己的脾气。
[GEE2013]curb their impact控制影响力
[GEE2015]diminish the role of reviewers
[GEE2019]These views of arguments also undermine reason.这些对辩论的观点也会削弱理智。

增高

highten[T/I]（使）加剧，提高=intensify
reinforce[T]加强，充实，使更强烈
sharpen：「见“一词多义.html”中“sharpen”相关部分」
intensify[T/I]加强，强化

Tension has hightened after the recent bomb attack.最近炸弹袭击之后，情势更加紧张。
[GEE2016]highten the value提高价值
Such jokes tend to reinforce racial stereotypes.这种笑话容易渲染种族偏见。
I jump, intensifying the pain in all my muscles.

方向不明

实际上是要求我们根据语境推断方向。

moderate[T/I]缓和，使适中

By evening the wind had moderated slightly.到黄昏时风稍稍减弱了。
We agreed to moderate our original demands.我们同意降低我们原先的要求。

称赞

acclaim

[T]sb/sth (as sth)称誉
[U]（尤指对艺术成就的）称誉

a highly/widely acclaimed performance
The work was acclaimed as a masterpiece.
international/popular/critical acclaim国际上的/公众的/评论家的赞扬

compliment

[C]赞扬
[T]sb (on sth)赞美

She complimented him on his excellent German.她夸奖他德语棒极了。
pay sb a compliment对某人表示赞扬
I'll take that as a compliment.我就当这是夸奖吧。

praise

[U]（praises[pl.]比较少用）赞扬
[T]sb/sth (for sth)/sb/sth (as sth)赞扬

His teachers are full of praise for the progress he's making.他的老师们对他的进步赞不绝口。
She wrote poems in praise of freedom.她写诗讴歌自由。
His latest movie has won high praise from the critics.他的最新电影得到了评论家的高度赞扬。
We have nothing but praise for the way they handled the investigation.对于他们处理调查的方式我们唯有赞赏。
They always sing his praises.他们总是对他大加赞扬。
Critics praised the work as highly original.评论家称赞这部作品独树一帜。

混乱

chaotic[adj]混乱的
chaos[U]混乱
turbulent[adj]（只作定语）动荡的，骚动的
anarchy：「见“构词法.html”中“arch(y)=rule”相关部分」
disruption[C/U]扰乱，妨碍
disruptive[adj]引起混乱的，破坏性的
upheaval[C/U]剧变，动乱

The traffic in the city is chaotic in the rush hour.在上下班高峰时间，城市交通混乱不堪。
economic/political/domestic chaos
Heavy snow has caused total chaos on the roads.大雪导致道路上交通一片混乱。
The house was in chaos after the party.聚会后，房子里一片狼藉。
a turbulent part of the world
a turbulent crowd
The plan was designed to ensure disruption to business was kept to a minimum.该计划旨在确保对业务的妨碍保持在最低限度。
[GEE2015]disruptive technology
[GEE2018]technological upheaval技术剧变
a period of emotional upheaval情绪波动很大的时期

模糊

vague[adj]（既可以表抽象也可以表具体）模糊的=indistinct/hazy
cloud[T]（表抽象）使模糊；[T/I]（表具体）（使）模糊
overshadow[T]（常用被动）使扫兴，使蒙上阴影；掩盖，遮蔽

Her eyes clouded with tears.
News of the accident overshadowed the day's events.出事的消息给这一天的活动蒙上了阴影。
The garden is overshadowed by tall trees.

粘住/坚持

stick to sth
cling to sth（也可使用cling on to表“坚持”）

The wet shirt clung/stuck to his chest.
Throughout the trial she had clung to the belief that he was innocent.在整个审判中她坚持相信他是清白的。
She finds it impossible to stick to a diet.饮食老受限制，她觉得受不了。
He promised to help us and he stuck to his word.他答应过要帮我们，他没有食言。

谨慎&炫耀

pretentious[adj]（含贬义）炫耀的，自命不凡的
unpretentious[adj]（含褒义）谦虚谨慎的，不爱炫耀的
prudent[adj]谨慎的，精明的
imprudent[adj]不明智的，不谨慎的=unwise

两组词都既能修饰人又能修饰物。

a prudent businessman/decision/investment
He's so pretentious!
That's a pretentious name for a dog!

vanity[n]（贬义）自负，虚荣

She had no personal vanity about her appearance.她对自己的相貌毫不自负。

迷住

「见“构词法.html”中“indulge”相关部分」
obsession[U]痴迷，着魔，困扰
dazzle[T]（美貌、技能等）使倾倒，使赞叹不已，使眼花缭乱
dazzling[adj]
fascinate[T/I]深深吸引，迷住
fascinating[adj]

[GEE2013]obsession with high fashion对高端时尚的痴迷
He was dazzled by the warmth of her smile.
a dazzling display of oriental dance
China has always fascinated me.
The private lives of movie stars never fail to fascinate.电影明星的私生活总是为人所津津乐道。

前景&回忆

envisage[T]想象，展望
envision[T]想象，展望
conceive (of) sth (as sth)想象，设想，构想
prospect[sing.](of sth/of doing sth)前景，展望，设想
prospects[pl.](for/of sth)成功的机会，前途
in retrospect[习语]回顾，回想

What level of profit do you envisage?你预计会有什么样的利润水平？
I don't envisage working with him again.我想象不出再与他一起工作的可能。
I can't envisage her coping with this job.我无法想象她如何应付这个工作。
积累：It is envisaged that the talks will take place in the spring.谈判预计在春季举行。
They envision an equal society, free of poverty and disease.他们向往一个没有贫穷和疾病的平等社会。
I cannot conceive (=I do not believe) (that) he would wish to harm us.我无法想象他会存心伤害我们。
God is often conceived of as male.上帝常常被设想为男性。
积累：The prospect of becoming a father filled him with alarm.一想到将为人父他就满怀忧患。
Long-term prospects for the economy have improved.长期的经济前景已有所改善。
The decision seems extremely odd, in retrospect.回想起来，这个决定显得极其荒谬。

资格

eligible[adj](for sth)/(to do sth)有资格的，具备条件的
ineligible[adj]（用法同上）不合格的

Only those over 70 are eligible for the special payment.只有70岁以上的人才有资格领取这项专款。
ineligible to vote无表决资格

热情

zeal[U/C](for/in sth)
enthusiasm[U](for sth/doing sth)
passion[C/U]强烈感情，激情

her missionary/reforming/religious/political zeal她的传教士般的/改革/宗教/政治热情
积累：I can't say I share your enthusiasm for the idea.我可不像你那样，对这个想法那样热心。
She argued her case with considerable passion.她相当激动的为自己的主张提出论据。

可怕的

formidable[adj]可怕的，令人敬畏的，难对付的
fearsome[adj]很可怕的，十分吓人的

数量大的

handsome
host[C]of sb/sth许多，大量
ample[adj]足够的，丰裕的=plenty of
abundant[adj]大量的，充裕的=plentiful
God-knows-how-much天知道有多少

[GEE2014]a handsome reward for researchers对研究者的一笔大额奖励
a host of possibilities多种可能性
积累：ample opportunity/evidence/space/proof充足的机会/证据/空间/证明

代表

embody[T]（思想或品质）代表，体现
embodiment[n, usually sing.]of sth（一种思想或品质的）典型，化身=epitome
represent[T]（常用被动）代表
symbolize[T]象征，代表

The competition attracted over 500 contestants representing 8 different countries.这次比赛吸引了代表八个国家的超过500名参赛者。
the principles embodied in the Declaration of Human Rights《人权宣言》中体现的原则
He is the embodiment of the young successful businessman.他是成功青年企业家的典型。
The Great Wall, symbolizing China's ancient civilization, is one of the world's most renowned projects.

避免

refrain[I](from sth/doing sth)克制，节制，避免=desist from

Please refrain from smoking.请勿吸烟。

道德

统称

merit[U]优点，美德，价值=worth
morality[U]道德，道义
virtue[U](fml)高尚的道德

a work of outstanding aristic merit具有杰出艺术价值的作品
积累：I want to get the job on merit.我要凭才能得到这份工作。
public morality公德
traditional virtue传统美德

行为及其评价

评价：

「见“常用表达.html”中“崇高的”相关部分」

行为：

charity sale慈善义卖
teamwork/cooperation团队合作
cooperate/associate with others与他人合作
make joint/cooperative efforts共同努力
face difficulties bravely勇于面对困难
form good habits养成良好习惯

具体

积累表达：

美德/优秀品质：

practice filial piety奉行孝道
selfless devotion无私奉献
professional ethics职业道德
节约：「见“常用表达.html”中“节约”相关部分」
self-dependence自立
striving spirit奋斗精神
perseverance恒心
persistence/making constant efforts坚持
team spirit团队精神
honesty诚信
谨慎：「见“常用表达.html”中“谨慎&炫耀”相关部分」
benevolence善心
aspiration[C/U]志向
respect the old and care for the young尊老爱幼

缺德：

the crisis of trust信任危机
the corruption of public morality公德堕落
demoralization道德败坏；颓丧
dishonest behaviors欺诈行为
dishonesty欺诈
academic corruption学术腐败
plagiarism剽窃，抄袭
unfair competition不公平竞争
disregard of laws对法律的漠视
disregard/ignore laws漠视法律
corruption phenomenon腐败现象
boomerang kids啃老族
reap without sowing不劳而获
炫耀：「见“常用表达.html”中“谨慎&炫耀”相关部分」

谚语：

Honesty is the best policy.诚实是上策。
It pays to be honest.诚实是值得的。

揭露

reveal=disclose[v]sth (to sb)/从句
revelation
disclosure

两个名词都既可以表[C]公开的事实，又可以表[U]揭露。

积累：It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed.据透露，重要证据被隐瞒了。
startling/sensational revelations令人吃惊的/轰动性的秘闻

开始相关表达

preliminary[adj](to sth)预备性的，初步的
initial[adj]（只作定语）最初的，第一的
beginning[C, usually sing.]开始部分

积累短语：

preliminary results/findings/enquiries初步结果/发现/调查
preliminary remarks开场白
the preliminary rounds of the contest预赛
an initial payment首期付款
in the initial stages/at the beginning of sth在...之初
initial reactions最初反应
from the beginning从头
since the beginning of sth自从...之初
in the beginning=at first一开始（与后来相对）

其他例子：

pilot studies preliminary to a full-scale study全面研究之前的试验性研究

go about:「见“一词多义.html”中“go about”相关部分」

start out开始从事，着手（某工作），从业；to do sth最初打算，起初想要

start out in business做起生意来
She started out on her legal career in 1987.她于1987年开始从事法律工作。
I started out to write a short story, but it soon developed into a novel.我起初打算写一篇短篇小说，但很快就写成了长篇小说。

内在的

inherent[adj](in sb/sth)固有的
intrinsic[adj](to sth)固有的，本身的

the intrinsic value of education教育的固有价值
Small local shops are intrinsic to the town's character.本地的一些小店铺是这个镇的基本特点。
the difficulties inherent in a study of this type这类研究本身的困难
an inherent weakness内在缺陷

请求

pleading[C/U]恳求，央求

[GEE2016]side with those pleading支持那些请求

观点

proposition[n](fml)见解，主张，观点
sentiment[n]（基于情感的）观点，看法，情绪
argument[C](for/against sth)/(that)论据，论点，理由
take[n]on sth(informal)看法，意见
stance[n]on sth（公开表明的）观点，态度，立场=position

Her assessment is based on the proposition that power corrupts.她的分析是建立在权力使人堕落的观点上的。
the spread of nationalist sentiments民族主义情绪的传播
积累：There are strong arguments for and against euthanasia.对安乐死支持和反对者都有强有力的论据。
What's his take on this plan?
[GEE2021]take an anti-regulatory stance采取反管理的立场

前提

premise[n](fml)前提，假定

the basic premise of her argument

行为

deed[n](fml)行为，行动=act
feat[n]（含褒义）功绩

积累：a brave/charitable/evil/good deed勇敢的行为/善举/恶行/善行
积累：attempt/achieve astonishing feats争取/取得惊人的功绩
积累：That was no mean feat.那是伟大的成就。

超过

surpass[T/I](fml)超过，胜过，优于
more than「见“一词多义.html”中“more than”相关部分」

[GEE2017]obtain images of unsurpassed clarity获得清楚无比的图片
scenery of surpassing beauty无比优美的景色
积累：Its success has surpassed all expectations.它所取得的成功远远超出了预期。
积累：Her cooking was always good, but this time she had surpassed herself.她的厨艺向来不错，但这一次她更胜以往。

原始的

primal(fml)（只作定语）原始的，根源的，根本的=primeval

a primal urge/fear本能的欲望/恐惧

阐明

enlighten[T](fml)

She didn't enlighten him about her background.她未向他讲明自己的出生背景。

articulate[T](fml)明确表达，清楚说明

She struggled to articulate her thoughts.她竭力表明自己的想法。

无理由的

groundless/unfounded[adj]无理由的，无根据的

unfounded/groundless allegations/rumors毫无根据的指控/谣言
Our fears proved groundless/unfounded.我们的担心证明是毫无道理的。

改进

improve[T/I]
sharpen：「见“一词多义.html”中“sharpen”相关部分」

裁决

verdict[n]（陪审团的）裁决
ruling[n](on sth)裁决

学位

bachelor's degree学士学位
master's degree硕士学位
doctor's degree博士学位
Ph.D.=PhD=doctor of philosophy博士学位
academic qualification学历
Bachelor of Arts/Science文学/理学学士
postgraduate研究生
graduate学士学位获得者

be/have/do a PhD是一位博士/有博士学位/攻读博士学位
take a doctoral degree拿博士学位

交通

交通相关表达
英文	中文
develop public transport	发展公共交通
drunk drive	醉驾
electrical vehicle(EV)	电动汽车
motorist	[n]驾车者
pedestrian	[n]行人
public transport network	公共交通网
roundabout	[C]环岛
rush hour	交通高峰期
traffic jam/heavy traffic/congestion	交通拥堵

经济生活

经济生活相关表达
英文	中文
a walk of life	行业，职业，地位，阶层
abundant material supplies	优裕的物质条件
administration departments	管理部门
automobile industry	汽车产业
bankruptcy	[U/C]破产=insolvency
bargain	[n]便宜货
career opportunities	职业发展机会
consumers' rights and interests	消费者权益
customer service center	顾客服务中心
domestic brand	国产品牌
economic crisis	经济危机
economic development	经济发展
economic globalization	经济全球化
economic prosperity	经济繁荣
electronic commerce/e-commerce	电子商务
employment opportunities	就业机会
enterprise operator	企业经营者
governmental support	政府扶持
heavy family burden	沉重家庭负担
huge working pressure	巨大工作压力
huge working pressure	巨大工作压力
job opportunities	工作机会
line	[sing.]行业
low carbon economy	低碳经济
lucrative	[adj]赚大钱的，获利多的
luxury	[C]奢侈品=extravagance；[U]奢侈的享受
market share/market portion	市场份额
monopoly	[n](in/of/on sth)垄断，被垄断的商品
National Day Golden Week	十一黄金周
parcel	[C]包裹
post/position	[C]职位，（尤指）要职
poverty-stricken area	贫困地区
price promotion	价格促销
profound social and economic consequences	深远的社会经济影响
refund	[n/T]（可接双宾语）退款
seek employment/hunt for a job	求职
spending	花销
supervision departments	监管部门
sustainable development	可持续发展
telecommunication industry	电信产业
the reform and opening-up	改革开放

积累：claim/demand/receive a refund要求/接受退款
积累：Tickets cannot be exchanged or money refunded.门票不可退换。
积累：We will refund your money to you in full/refund you your money in full.我们会全款退还。
积累：She has friends from all walks of life.她在社会各界都有朋友。
积累：in the art line在艺术行业
积累：my line of work我的职业
积累：take up a post就职
积累：resign (from) a post辞职
积累：fill the post填补空缺
积累：hold the post担任这个职位

其他

萧条/繁荣：「见“一词多义.html”中“slack”相关部分」
节约：「见“常用表达.html”中“节约”相关部分」
资助：「见“常用表达.html”中“资助”相关部分」
数量变化：「见“常用表达.html”中“数量变化”相关部分」
浪费：「见“常用表达.html”中“浪费”相关部分」

税

tax
duty购物税项，尤指进口关税
customs关税，进口税
tariff关税
levy征收额，尤指税款
excise国内货品税，消费税

环境

环境相关表达
英文	中文
endangered species	濒危物种
environmental deterioration	环境恶化
environmental pollution	环境污染
garbage classification	垃圾分类
habitat	栖息地
keep ecological balance	保持生态平衡
low carbon economy	低碳经济
occean resources	海洋资源
sustainable development	可持续发展
wildlife protection	野生动物保护

困惑

perplex[T]（常用被动）迷惑，使困惑
puzzle[T]迷惑，使困惑
baffle[T]使困惑
confuse:「见“一词多义.html”中“confuse”相关部分」

perplex/puzzle/baffle宾语一定是人。在宾语之后perplex可以接that从句、baffle可以接wh-。

They were perplexed by her response.
积累：What puzzles me is why he left the country without telling anyone.
I'm baffled why she hasn't called.

遭受

sustain/suffer:「见“一词多义.html”中“sustain[T]”相关部分」

subject sb/sth to sth（常用被动）使经受，使遭受

subject sth (to sth)还可以表示“使臣服，使顺从”，要注意区分。

此外，subject[adj]to:「见“一词多义.html”中“subject[adj]to”相关部分」

The Roman subjected most of Europe to its rule.罗马把欧洲多数地区置于自己的统治之下。
[GEE2010]After several decades, the same data were subjected to econometric analysis.在数十年后，同样的数据经受了计量经济学分析。

达到

符合标准：「见“常用表达.html”中“标准”相关部分」
达成协议：「见“常用表达.html”中“协议”相关部分」
符合要求：「见“常用表达.html”中“符合要求”相关部分」

hit[T]达到（某水平）

[GEE2010]hit a plateau达到停滞期

come to do sth达到（做某事的境界）

[GEE2016]As you will come to see, ... .你终会发现，...。

显著的

resounding[adj]（只作定语）巨大的，令人瞩目的
emphatic[adj]明显的，突出的，显著的
predominant[adj]显著的，明显的，盛行的

积累：a(n) emphatic/resounding victory/win/defeat巨大的胜利/成功/失败
积累：The evening was a resounding success.晚会办得非常圆满。
积累：a predominant feature显著特征

染病

come down with sth（无被动）染上（小病）
transmit/transfer:「见“一词多义.html”中“transmit”相关部分」

学习

学习相关表达
英文	中文
acquiring practical skills	获得实践技能
acquiring theoretical knowledge	获得理论知识
enlarge vocabulary	扩充词汇量
read extensively	博览群书

校园生活

校园生活相关表达
英文	中文
canteen	食堂
college expansion	大学扩招
dormitory	宿舍
extracurricular activities	课外活动
faculty	[C]系，院；[C]全体教师
further education	继续深造
international students/foreign students/overseas students	留学生
labor practice course	劳动实践课
orientation session	熟悉情况的介绍会
pursuing master's degree/going to a graduate school	考研
reading session	读书会
study overseas/study abroad	留学
the Students' Recreational Center	大学生活动中心
tuition fees and other expenses	学杂费

学习：「见“常用表达.html”中“学习”相关部分」
学位：「见“常用表达.html”中“学位”相关部分」

中国传统文化

名人

Mo Tzu墨子
Confucius孔子

艺术

Peking Opera
kung-fu功夫

思想

Buddhism佛
Confucianism儒
Politeness/Ritual礼
Taoism道教
the Way道
the Virtue德

提出

raise/bring up:「见“一词多义.html”中“bring up”相关部分」
put forward:「见“一词多义.html”中“put forward”相关部分」
conceive (of) sth (as sth)想出（主意、计划等）
propose提议，建议

积累：conceive the idea of ...
The government proposed changes to the voting system.
积累：It was proposed that the president be elected for a period of two years.有人提议选出的主席任期为两年。
积累：（不用主动）It was proposed to pay the money from public funds.有人提议用公款支付这笔钱。

景点

统称

places of interest
scenic spots
historical sites
tourist attractions

区分scenery[U]景色，风景

the island's spectacular scenery岛上壮美的景色

国内

the Summer Palace颐和园
the Palace Museum故宫博物院
the West Lake西湖
the Forbidden City紫禁城
the Great Wall长城

描述

an imperial palace皇城
the largest piece of ancient Chinese architectures currently existing现存最大中国古建筑
the wonders of the world世界奇迹

西方文化常识

西方文化常识
英文	中文
Aristotle	亚里士多德
Chicago	芝加哥
Deconstruction	解构主义
Einstein	爱因斯坦
Enlightenment	启蒙
Greek Methodology	希腊神话
Humanism	人本主义
Los Angeles	洛杉矶
medieval	中世纪
Post-modernism	后现代
Renaissance	文艺复兴
Shakespeare	莎士比亚
Swan Lake	天鹅湖
the geo-centric view	地心说
The Shawshank Redemption	《肖申克的救赎》

欢迎

reception[sing.]欢迎，反应，反响

积累：Her latest album has met with a mixed reception from fans.她的最新唱片在歌迷之间反响不一。
[GEE2010-2]warm reception热烈的欢迎

婚姻

spouse[n](fml)（法律）配偶

union[C]（老派的）结为夫妻，婚姻

确保

see+that从句（常不用于进行时）确保，务必（做到）

[GEE2015]..., care was taken to see that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.

guarantee[T]确保，保证必定发生，保证提供某物或做某事

[GEE2020]another guilt pleasure guaranteed to damage health又一个一定会损害健康的带有内疚的快乐

隔离

segregation[U]隔离政策
apartheid[U]种族隔离

racial/religious segregation种族/宗教隔离

种族

of ... extraction(fml)有...血统

[GEE2015]a population of European extraction

想象

fantasize[v]幻想，想象
visualize[v]设想，想象
envision/envisage:「见“常用表达.html”中“前景&回忆”相关部分」

负责

accountable[adj](to sb) (for sth)（不常作定语）（对自己的决定、行为）负有责任，有说明义务

积累：Someone must be held accountable for the killings.必须有人要对这些凶杀事件负责。
[GEE2012]make themselves accountable to the code of conduct让他们自己对行为准则负责

时间流逝

elapse:「见“构词法.html”中“lapse=slide”相关部分」
go by:「见“一词多义.html”中“go by”相关部分」

损坏

damage[U](to sth)（有形的）损坏；(to sb/sth)损害；[T]损害，破坏

积累：serious/severe/extensive/permanent/minor damage重大的/严重的/大范围的/永久性的/轻微的损坏
积累：brain/liver damage脑/肝损伤
积累：fire/smoke/bomb/storm damage
积累：The storm didn't do much damage.
积累：damage to a person's reputation/the country's economy
积累：Smoking seriously damages your health.
积累：emotionally damaged children

impair[T]损害，削弱

spoil[T]破坏

It's important not to let mistakes spoil your life.

intact[adj]=undamaged（不常作定语）完好无损的，完整

积累：Most of the house remains intact even after two hundred years.虽然过了两百年，这房子的大部分还保持完好。

undermine[T]破坏，损害（努力或成功的机会）

The continued fighting threatens to undermine efforts to negotiate an agreement.持续的战斗有可能破坏通过谈判达成协议的努力。

表达

show/express/extend

show/extend/express our heartfelt welcome to向...表示衷心的欢迎

capture[T]（用图画、文章、电影等）表达，刻画，描述。主语是作品。

The article captured the mood of the nation.

打算

propose打算，计划，希冀

to do:What do you propose to do now?
doing:How do you propose getting home?

提供

render[v]sth (to sb/sth)/(sb) sth提供（帮助）

render sb a service
render a service to sb

有名

prestigious[adj]（常作定语）有威望的，声誉高的
esteemed[adj]受尊敬的
renowned[adj](as/for sth)有名的，闻名的，受尊敬的
prominent[adj]重要的，著名的

prominence[U]著名，重要性

renowned in the world举世闻名
[GEE2020]bring its local arts to prominence使其当地艺术变得有名

准备

get/be prepared for
prepare sb/sth (for sb/sth)
make preparations for/to do

忙碌的

hectic[adj]忙碌的

lead a hectic life
a hectic schedule

各种各样

various
varied
a variety of
diverse

流行

enjoy a striking popularity非常流行

提高意识

enhance/increase/cultivate awareness

值得

worthwhile[adj](to do sth)/(doing sth)重要的，值得花时间、金钱、努力的

除非作定语，也可以写作worth while。

积累：

a worthwhile cause高尚的事业
make it worthwhile for sb to do sth足以让某人做某事
It is worthwhile to do

嘲笑

mock[T/I]

He's always mocking my French accent.
You can mock, but at least I'm willing to have a try!

make fun of sb/sth

It's cruel to make fun of people who stammer.嘲笑口吃的人是很不人道的。

思维模式

mindset[n]观念模式，思维倾向

a conservative mindset保守的思维模式

mentality[n]某种错误的心态或思维方式

I can't understand the mentality of the people who are behind this kind of violence.我无法理解支持这种暴力的人的心态。

浪费

fritter[v]away sth/sth away on浪费

He frittered away a fortune on fast cars and gambling.他在快车和赌博上浪费了一大笔钱。

吸收

assimilate[T]透彻理解，消化，吸收；sth into/to sth（常用被动）使吸收，使接受（想法、态度等）

[GEE2015]passive assimilation被动吸收
These changes were gradually assimilated into everyday life.这些改变逐渐渗进了日常生活。

融入

assimilate[T/I](sb) (into/to sth)（使）同化

Immigrants have been successfully assimilated into the community/successfully assimilated into the community.外来移民顺利融入当地社会。

必须

There are good reasons to

到达&离开

到达：

arrival

离开：

departure

同时

meanwhile
in the meantime
at the same time
during the same period

原因

contributor[C]促成因素

Old buses are major contributors to pollution in cities.

ingredient:「见“一词多义.html”中“ingredient”相关部分」

文化生活

文化生活相关表达
英文	中文
cultural integration/cutural blending	文化融合
disparate cultures/multi-culture/pluralistic cultures/mosaic cultures	多元文化
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)	联合国教科文组织
the world cultural heritages/inheritance	世界文化遗产

「见“常用表达.html”中“西方文化常识”相关部分」
「见“常用表达.html”中“中国传统文化”相关部分」
「见“一词多义.html”中“predominant”相关部分」

遗产

heritage[U/C]遗产（指国家或社会长期形成的历史、传统和特色）
inheritance[U/C]遗传特征，遗产
legacy[n]遗产，遗留

积累：Spain's rich cultural heritage
our cultural inheritance
Physical characteristics are determined by genetic inheritance.
a legacy of $5000
Future generations will be left with a legacy of pollution and destruction.留给子孙后代的将是环境的污染和破坏。

加入

enrol/enroll[T/I]（使）加入，注册

You need to enrol before the end of August.你必须在八月底前注册。
The center will soon be ready to enrol candidates for the new programme.中心将很快为新课程的招生做好准备。

为了

to do sth
so as to do sth
in a bid to do sth

奖

统称

bonus[C]奖金

奖项

Academy Award奥斯卡奖

健康

physical health身体健康
mental/psychological fitness心理健康
health literacy健康素养
keep fit保持健康
do physical exercises进行体育锻炼
well-balanced diet平衡饮食

wholesome[adj]有益健康的

maintain wholesome and regular lifestyle保持健康规律的生活方式

促进

promote[T]促进，推动=encourage

promote economy/tourism/awareness发展经济/旅游/提高意识
encourage violent behaviour助长暴力行为
encourage shoppers to buy more刺激购物者买更多东西

符合要求

meet/satisfy the requirements/needs/demands

帮助

back[T]帮助，支持

aid[I/T](sb/sth) (in sth/doing sth)/sb (with sth)帮助，援助=assist

帮助某事有无in均可。

The new test should aid in the early detection of the disease.
They were accused of aiding his escape.
They were accused of aiding him in his escape.

图画

cartoon[C]卡通，漫画
drawing[C]素描
caricature[C]漫画

美味的

delicious
tasty

僵局

impasse[usually sing.]僵局，绝境

积累：break/end the impasse打破/结束僵局
积累：Negotiations have reached an impasse.谈判已陷入僵局。

强度

intensity[U, sing.]强烈、紧张、剧烈的状态或程度

积累：intensity of light/sound/color
积累：intensity of feeling/concentration/relief感情的强烈/高度精神集中/大为宽慰
积累：The storm resumed with even greater intensity.风暴更猛烈的再度肆虐。

据说

by/from all accounts据说

He is, by all accounts, a superb teacher.据说他是一名优秀的教师。

证明

prove:「见“一词多义.html”中“prove”相关部分」

certification[n]证明，鉴定

evidence[T]（常用被动）证明，表明，作为...的证据

看得见的

discernible[adj]看得见的，辨认得出的

Far away the outline of the island is just discernible.远远的，那岛的轮廓依稀可见。

压迫

oppression[U]压迫

an attempt to escape political oppression

人造的

synthetic[adj]人造的，（人工）合成的=man-made

synthetic drugs/fabrics合成药物/织物

治愈

heal[T/I]治愈，痊愈

[GEE2016]heal a cut使伤口愈合

mend[T/I]（使）（伤情、病情）好转

[GEE2016]mend a broken bone使断骨愈合

一...就...

「见“介词和连词.html”中“at the ... (of ...)”相关部分」

the instant=as soon as:「见“一词多义.html”中“instant”相关部分」

确凿的

conclusive[adj]确凿的

[GEE2020]..., there is no conclusive evidence that it causes cancer in humans.

（不）明智的

imprudent:「见“常用表达.html”中“谨慎&炫耀”相关部分」
ill-advised:「见“构词法.html”中“ill-:badly”相关部分」

advisable[adj](to do sth)（不常作定语）明智，可取
inadvisable(OPP)

[GEE2020]... it is advisable to follow the FSA advice.

用尽

use sth up/up sth用尽，吃光

Making soup is a good way of using up leftover vegetables.把剩下的蔬菜全部用来做汤是个好主意。

随后

follow sth up/up sth...后接着

积累：You should follow up your phone call with an email or a letter.

边缘

verge[n]边缘；[v]接近，濒临；[v]趋向，倾向

on the verge of即将

The country was on the verge of becoming prosperous and successful.

精英

elite[adj]精英的；[C]精英

可行

feasible[adj]可行的

feasibility[U]可行性

调整

readjust[T]调整

In the end you have to readjust your expectations.最后你得调整你的期望值。

敢

dare[T]to do敢于；[MODAL]敢，竟敢

[GEE2020]dare to know敢于求知

快速的

express:「见“一词多义.html”中“express”相关部分」

speedy/rapid[adj]迅速的，尽快的

积累：We wish you a speedy recovery.我们祝愿你早日康复。

即将发生的

upcoming[adj]（只作定语）即将发生（或来临）的

forthcoming[adj]（只作定语）即将发生的

改正

rectify[T]矫正，改正

激励

incentive[C/U]激励，刺激

uplift:「见“一词多义.html”中“uplift”相关部分」

inspire:「见“一词多义.html”中“inspire”相关部分」

鄙视

contempt[U](for sb/sth)蔑视

contemptuous[adj](of sb/sth)蔑视的=scornful

积累：His treatment of his children is beneath contempt.他对待自己子女的行径令人不齿。
积累：She looked at him with contempt.她轻蔑的看着他。
积累：Politicians seem to be generally held in contempt by ordinary people.一般老百姓似乎普遍看不起政客。

外行的

lay[adj]外行的，非专业的

His book explains the theory for the lay public.他的书为大众阐明了这个理论。

社会热点

社会热点相关表达
英文	中文
advancements in science and technology/progress in science and technology	科技进步
digital products	数码产品
electronic commerce	电子商务
idol worship/idolatry	偶像崇拜
live broadcasting	直播
online shopping	线上购物
takeout/takeaway	外卖

老龄化

老人：

aged people/parents
the aged/elders/elderly
senior citizens

老龄化社会：

aging society
population aging

两代关系

generation gap代沟

bridge the gap弥合代沟

parents' doting care父母溺爱

mistreat/maltreat/ill-treat(ment)虐待（老人）

abuse[T/U]虐待（儿童）

only children独生子女

financial support赡养

国家政策

国家政策相关表达
英文	中文
rural revitalization	乡村振兴

发展

burgeon[I]迅速生长->迅速发展，激增

burgeoning[adj]

a burgeoning population急剧增长的人口
burgeoning tourism industries迅速发展的旅游业
My confidence began to burgeon later in life.我的信心到了晚年开始迅速增长。

坚定的

unwavering[adj](fml)坚定的，不动摇的

unwavering support坚定不移的支持

足球

足球相关表达：

football match/game/player/field
goal球门
goalkeeper守门员
keep/guard/defend the goal守门
striker射手
forward前锋
attacking player进攻手

崇高的

worthy[adj]（常作定语）值得尊敬的，值得注意的=deserving

[GEE2001]Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his or her own understanding of it. 在人类所有值得尊敬的情感中，爱可能是最高尚的，但每个人都对它有自己的理解。
积累：a worthy cause崇高的事业

noble[adj]崇高的=sublime

积累：

a noble leader
noble ideas
a nodle cause

宝贵的

替换：

valuable[adj](to sb/sth)很有用的，宝贵的
invaluable[adj](for/to sb/sth)极有用的，极宝贵的
precious[adj]（资源等或对某人来讲）宝贵的，珍贵的

情感

替换：

feelings[pl.]情感
emotion[C/U]情感

写

pen[T](fml)写

因果关系

「见“句法和修辞.html”中“逻辑词”相关部分」

「见“介词和连词.html”中“因为”相关部分」

be attributable to sb/sth可归因于

图表

图表

chart/graph/table/diagram

动态图：有变化

bar/column chart柱状图
line graph/chart曲线图
curve图表中的直或曲线

静态图：没有变化

table表格图
pie chart饼状图
柱状图没有变化就是静态图

旅游

旅游相关表达：

郊游outing
观光sightseeing
旅游业the travel business/tourist industry
发展旅游promote tourism
欣赏风景appreciating scenery

人际关系

民

dweller/resident居民
citizen市民，公民

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