句法和修辞

借代metonymy

fur and feather飞禽走兽
fin,fur and feather鱼禽兽
bald秃子
skirt女孩
crown王权
cross神权

eg.The crown should not yield to the cross.王权不应屈服于神权。

圆周句（掉尾句）

结构强调句（句首制造悬念，句末揭示谜底）

例如[NCE4.24]That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable.不可否认，一切伟大的艺术都具有使人遐想到进入天外世界的魅力。

双重否定

加强语气

例如：do harm to对...有害->do no harm to/never do the least harm to对...无害

其他的例子

I do not have the foggiest idea what to do next.我没有关于接下来该做什么的最模糊的想法。
I do not have the slightest interest in boxing.我对拳击没有丝毫兴趣。

写作常用表达：

No one can avoid being influenced by...没有人可以避免某物的影响
No one can deny that...我们都必须承认
No one can resist...我们都会被...所吸引

强调句的应用

It is/was ... that/who ...

[NCE4.5]If there is one -- which I take leave to doubt -- then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.

if、then、强调句和not形成逻辑“如果...那也是...而不是...”

造句：如果真有天堂的话（请允许我对此表示怀疑），那么也是有钱有势的人去的地方，而不是穷人自己可以去的地方。

If there is heaven -- which I take leave to doubt -- then it is the rich and powerful who can enter, not the poor themselves.

对比和对照

对比antithesis

结构一致，语意相反

[NCE4.5]...: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him.年轻人有光辉的前景，而老年人的辉煌已成过去。
When poverty comes in at the door, love leaps out at the window.贫穷敲开门，而爱跃出窗。
A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman takes twenty minutes to make a fool of him.一个母亲花了二十年让她的孩子成长为男子汉，而另一个女人用二十分钟就让他成了一个傻子。

对照contrast

[NCE4.8]An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe.符合欧盟安全标准的电动剃须刀必须经过美国测试者的同意才能在美国销售，而美国产的透析设备也需要欧盟的批准才能进入欧洲市场。

暗喻Metaphor

喻体直陈式

[NCE4.5]...I was a new boy in a huge school.我是社会这所大学校里的新生。
[NCE4.9]..., and their harp was their passport. ...，他们的竖琴就是通行证。
College is a comma of a sentence of life.
She was an angel of a wife.

喻体全隐式

[NCE4.10]As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.由于制造一块芯片的时间降至数天，成本降至数百美元，工程师可能很快就可以充分发挥他们的想象力，而不会因失败造成经济上的损失。
Some books are to be tasted, other to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. -- Sir Francis Bacon
His hunger gnawn (away) at/on him.饥饿渐渐吞噬了他。

喻体半隐式：喻体使用名词作动词

From every window heads were craning for a view of it.每一个窗户都有头伸出来看它。
He doesn't have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.他没有自己的主见，只是鹦鹉学舌。
A heavy silence blanketed the room.一片寂静笼罩在房间内。
They stormed the speaker with questions.发言者被他们的问题所淹没。
[GRE]I would argue that although it may be a benefit to study classics and be well schooled in diverse disciplines, these pursuits merely refine and hone an ability each and every person has, the ability to study human nature.我会认为，尽管学习经典著作并且以各种训练方法很好的加以培养可能是有好处的，但这些事业仅仅是改进和磨练了每一个人都有的能力——研究人类本性的能力。

逻辑词

for one thing ... (for another ...)一个原因是...（另一个原因是...）
on the one hand ... on the other (hand) ...表转折
not ... but ...不是...而是...
- 不是因为，而是因为
- - not that ... but that ...
  - It is not that ... but (that) ...
provided=providing[conj](that)如果=if
consequently=as a result=therefore=thereby=hence=thus=accordingly因此（强调因果之间引起和被引起的关系）
in summary/all in all/to summarize/to sum up/in sum/generally/briefly speaking总的来说

For one thing, I don't like flying, and for another, I can't afford it.
On the one hand I'd like a job which pays more, but on the other (hand) I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment.
[NCE4.6]But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators...但重要的不是运动员的表现，而是观众的态度。
[NCE4.9]... and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids. ...他们的军需供应处于无组织状态，而是依赖于断断续续的抢夺来维持。
- Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more.（莎士比亚《尤里乌斯凯撒》）
- Not that I love my teacher less, but that I love truth more.吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。
- [NCE3.57]It was not that I actually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone...
- It is not the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.不是因为一个情况下的天平和另一个情况下的天平构建原理和工作方式有不同，而是因为后者是一种好得多的仪器，当然在测量时就比前者精确。
We'll buy everything you produce, provided of course the price is right.
Regular exercise strengthens the heart, thereby reducing the risk of heart attack.经常锻炼可以增强心脏机能，从而减少心脏病发作的危险。

否定词

部分否定词

not与全部肯定词all/every/everything/everyone/both连用，多表示部分否定。但具体是否为部分否定需要结合语境和逻辑。

[NCE4.7]Not every sound made by animals serves as language, ... .: 谓语动词的单复数形式是由主语决定的，而不受否定词影响。
All that glitters is not gold. --莎士比亚《威尼斯商人》: 发光的不都是金子（指人不可貌相）。
All civilized people cannot be Cannibals.: 如果为部分否定，“文明人不都是食人族”这句话逻辑不通顺。; 这里应该为全部否定，“没有文明人会是食人族”。
Not all the water in rough rude sea can wash the balm off from an anointed king. --莎士比亚《查理二世》: 与上一句类似，“波涛汹涌的海水也无法冲去神圣之王身上的圣油”。

还有一些不那么明显的部分否定。

This is not strictly true.这不完全正确。: strictly[adv]完全地，确切地

全部否定词

none是一个全部否定词。

None of the arrows hit the target.没有箭射中了目标。

语气

情态动词

表推测

may/might have done
must have done
cannot/could not have done
would do/have done

It's no use talking to Henry--he wouldn't understand跟亨利说没用——他不会理解的
[NCE4.48]... none of the five advisors would have suggested sinking all (or perhaps any) of your money into Periwigs五位顾问中不会有人建议你把所有（或一部分）资金投入（sink sth in/into sth花大笔钱）Periwigs公司

表批评（虚拟）

should/ought to have done
should not/ought not to have done

此外，might还可表建议，译为“不妨”

例如[NCE4.48]If you recognize yourself in this description, you might include a couple of heady growth stocks in your portfolio, ...如果你觉得你的情况是这样，那不妨在你的投资组合中囊括几个增长迅猛的股票

在这里a couple of表示“几个，两三个”；heady[adj]表示“迅猛的”，如a heady current迅猛的流体

表意外

例如[NCE4.2]中的自问自答Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?

在这里should用在疑问句中表意外的语气，译作「怎么会」。相对不重要的成分作为插入语。

整句翻译为，你可能会问，蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友？

why (not) do

why do表质问语气

[NCE4.8]So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do?那么「so[conj](informal)（引出评论或问题）」，大西洋两岸的公司会问，为什么一套测试足够「do[v]be enough」还要通过两套「lot[C]（一）组，群，批，套」测试？

why not do表建议语气

Why not try to train your character?为什么不尽力去培养你的性格呢？

平行排比

Parallelism

短语平行：

You will be tightly bound by daily classes, abundant homework and frequent exams.